,^^\^y:',°o .J^.-y:'."^ .^K^i':\% 







^^ 



3 ^ -^ cS 






4? V 






















h ■% .^ 



^\^ 




o ^ 





s ' ' / ,^ 



■^o v^''"." 






:-' ■/%.. 



A "^ -^ , X -^ A 










PART FIRST 

THE 



HISTORICAL COMPANION, 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL' NOTES. 



CONTAINING 



rUE CHRONOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES. FROM 1492 TO 1S57, AND OP 
EACH OF THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES : TABLES OF THE SET- 
TLEMENTS AND ADMISSIONS OF THE STATES, THE WARS, 
CAUSES OF THE WARS; BATTLES, PRESIDENTS, AND 
AMERICAN INTENTIONS; WITH FULL AND 
COMPLETE NOTES, ETC., ETC. 
MAPS OF THE WARS. 

BY A. C. WEBB, 

PRINCIPAL OF ZANE STREET GRAMMAR-SCHOOL. 




FOURTH EDITION. 



PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED BY E. C. & J. BIDDLE, 

NO. 508 MINOR STREET. 

1858. 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by 

A. C. WEBB, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern 
District of Pennsylvania. 



PHILADELPHIA : 

PKINTED BY KING & BAIBD, 

607 SANSOM STREET. 






PREFACE 



The aim of the following pages, as the title implies, is not to 
supersede, but to accompany, more detailed works upon history; 
to present at one view, within the compass of a few pages, easily 
mastered, and convenient for reference, those main facts and events 
which constitute the framework of history ; facts, too often lost 
sight of by the untrained mind of the youthful student, while the 
attention is fixed by glowing descriptions of places, persons, and 
scenes, clothed with so much interest by the gifted pen of some 
of our historians. Hence, many persons who have given great 
attention to the study of history, remain with their minds filled 
with a mass of details, pictures, and fragmentary scenes, vivid and 
well-defined in themselves, but so disconnected as to become not 
only useless, but productive of the grossest errors. 

The facts and dates mentioned in this Chronology are written 
in plain, unadorned language ; brevity, rather than elegance, 
being the aim of the author. Geographical notes, on all places 
mentioned, have been added at the foot of each page, and are 
referred to throughout the work. Notes are also given upon all 
points that might present any diiSiculty to the learner; and all 
words, or terms, that may be unfamiliar to a child, have been care- 
fully defined. 

A concise Biographical Dictionary of all the names mentioned 

in this book, and Maps showing the various territories acquired by 

the United States since the Revolution, with the locality of each of 

the important battles, &c., are now in course of preparation, and 

will shortly be issued. No pains have been spared to make this 

work accurate, and as complete and useful as its limits would allow. 
1* _ (vii) 



PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. 



The fourth edition of the Historical Companion presents the work 
complete, in two parts, according to the original plan of the author. 

Part First contains the Chronology, with Geographical and Histori- 
cal Notes, carefully revised from former editions ; with accurate Maps 
of ihe Thirteen Original States ; a complete Glossary of Historical and 
Military Terms, &c., and much additional matter, of great interest to 
the learner. 

Part Second comprises a Biographical Dictionary, prepared with 
special reference to American History; Genealogical Tables of French 
and English Kings ; the Genealogy of the Royal Family of England, &c. 
The whole has been carefully sifted of all useless verbiage — and pre- 
sents, within the compass of a few pages, a mass of facts not to be 
found in any other single work. ^ 



(viii) 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

CHRONOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES, from 1492 to the present 

time, with Notes ...., 13 

CHRONOLOGY OF VIRGINIA 63 

« « NEW YORK 65 

« « MASSACHUSETTS 67 

« « NEW HAMPSHIRE 69 

« « NEW JERSEY 70 

" " DELAWARE.. 71 

« * « CONNECTICUT 72 

« « MARYLAND 73 

« « RHODE ISLAND 74 

« " NORTH CAROLINA 74 

« « SOUTH CAROLINA 75 

« « PENNSYLVANIA 76 

« " GEORGIA 77 

TABLE OF ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS 70 

« « PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 79 

« " VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 79 

« " WARS OF THE COLONIES 80 

« « BATTLES OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 80 

« « OFFICERS WHO FOUGHT IN THE REVOLUTION- 
ARY WAR AND ALSO IN THE WAR OF 1812 80 

« « BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION 81 

« « NAVAL BATTLES OF THE WAR OF 1812 .82 

« LAND BATTLES OF THE WAR OF 1812 83 

« " LAND BATTLES OF THE MEXICAN WAR 83 

" " SETTLEMENTS AND ADMISSIONS OF THE STATES, 84 

" « AMERICAN INVENTIONS 84 

CAUSE OF PEQUOD WAR 85 

« " KING PHILIP'S WAR , 85 

" " KING WILLIAM'S WAR 85 

" « QUEEN ANNE'S WAR 86 

" « KING GEORGE'S WAR 86 

(ix) 



X TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

PA«E 

CAUSE OF FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 87 

« « REVOLUTIONARY WAR 87 

" « THREE YEARS' WAR 87 

« « MEXICAN WAR 88 

MDVEMENTS OP WASHINGTON'S ARMY 89 

" « BURGOYNE'S ARMY 90 

« « THE SOUTHERN ARMY ' 90 

« « TAYLOR'S AND SCOTT'S ARMIES 90 

FORMATION OF STATE CONSTITUTIONS BY THE THIRTEEN 

COLONIES 91 

CITIES HELD BY THE BRITISH 91 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE 91 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 91 

BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES 92 

CARRON DE BEAUMARCHAIS ,• OR, "RODERIQUE, HORTALES 

& CO." 92 

"CONVENTION TROOPS;" OR, BURGOYNE'S ARMY 93 

PRISONERS OF THE REVOLUTION 93 

PRISON SHIPS 94 

FRENCH EXPLORATIONS ...• 94 

EXPEDITIONS SENT OUT BY SPAIN, ENGLAND, AND FRANCE, 95 
DEFINITIONS OF HISTORICAL AND MILITARY TERMS 96 



CHRONOLOGY 

OF THE 

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



HENRY VII. — U85-1509. 

1492. CoLtiMBUS (sent out by Spain^) discovers America.^ 
149T. The Cabots (sent out hij England^) discover the 
continent of America.^ 

1498. Columbus discovers the main-land, near the mouth of the Orinoco.* 

1498. Sebastian Cabot explores the coast from Labrador^ 
to Florida.^ 

* Spain, a large peninsula lying south of France, between the Mediterranean 
and the Atlantic Ocean. The Moors held possession of it for more than 700 
years, but, in 1492, the Christian sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella, com- 
pleted its conquest, and drove the Moors from Spain. They aided Columbus 
in his undertaking, when many other sovereigns had treated his project as 
visionary and impracticable. The government is an absolute monarchy; the 
religion, Roman Catholic. 

^ America received its name from Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, who 
visited South America in 1499. 

^ England was conquered by the Normans in 1066. At the period of the 
discovery of America, the country, under Henry VII., was rapidly recoverino" 
from the desolation caused by the " wars of the Roses." The Reformation 
commenced in the reign of Henry VIIL; under Edward VI. the Church 
of England was established, and the Liturgy arranged in its present form 
(1549). Popery was re-established under Mary; and, though Elizabeth 
restored Protestantism, it was not until the "Glorious Revolution" that reli- 
gious tolox'-ation was guaranteed by law. 

* Orinoco {i.e. '' coiled soyeiit,") is in Venezuela, and empties into the 
Atlantic in Lat. 8° 40'. Three of its tributaries are larger than the Danul)e. 

* Labrador, a vast peninsula in the eastern part of British America. Cabot 
discovered it in Lat. 56°, and called it Terra Labrador, or " cultivable land," 
to distinguish it from Greenland. 

" Florida, the southern peninsula of the United States, extends as far south 

(13) 



14 HENKY VIII. [1509-1547 

1510. First European city on the continent built by Balboa 
(sent out by SiMin,^) on the Isthmus of Darien.' 

1512. Ponce de Leon (sent out by Spain,^) discovers 
Florida.^ 

1513. Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean.^ 

1520. De Allyon (seiit out by Spain,^) visits Carolina.^ 

1521. Mexico '° conquered by the Spaniards under Cortez. 

1522. First voyage around the world performed by a ship 
of Magellan's squadron (se7it out by Hpain^). 

1524. Yerrazani ( sent out by France, ^^) explores the coast 
from Florida^ to Labrador^, and names the country New 
France.'^ 

1528. Narvaez (sent out by Spain,^) attempts to conquer 
Florida.^ 

1532. Peru'^ conquered by the Spaniards under Pizarro. 

as 25°. It was so named from Pasqua Florida, i. e., Palm Sunday, the day 
on which it was discovered. 

■" Darien (da'-ri-cn), called also Panama (pan-a-ma'), is the isthmus which 
unites North and South America, between 7° and 9i° North Latitude. In 
the narrowest joart it is only thirty miles wide. 

* Pacific Ocean extends from America to Asia and Australia. It was 
called Pacific by Magellan, in consequence of the prosperous weather he 
enjoyed whUe traversing it. 

' Carolina, so called in honor of Charles IX. (Carolus). The two provinces 
were united until 1729. (Inhabitant, Car-o-lin'-i-an.) 

1° Mexico lies west of the Gulf of Mexico, partly in the Torrid, and partly 
in the North Temperate Zone. It remained a Spanish province until 1822, 
when, after several attempts to throw off the yoke of Spain, it was declared 
independent. It has since remained nominally a Republic, though the 
government is very unsettled. 

" France, one of the Five Great Powers of Europe, separated from England 
by the English Channel and Straits of Dover. The name of France is derived 
from the Franks (freemen), a confederacy of German nations, who overran 
Gaul after the extinction of the Western Roman Empire, A. D. 476, and were 
united under one head by Clovis, about the beginning of the sixth century. 
The Government is at present an Empire ; the religion, Roman Catholic. 

" New France. — This name was originally given to the whole country 
explored by Verrazani, but afterwards was applied exclusively to Canada, by 
which name it was known as long as it remained in the possession of France. 

" Peru, a country of South America, in the Torrid Zone, remained subject 
to Spain until 182-1, when it was declared independent. It is now a Federal 
Republic. 



1558-1603.] ELIZABETH. 15 

1534. Gulf and River St. Lawrence'* discovered by Cartier 
(sent out by France^^). 

1535. Cartier sails as far as Montreal,'^ and takes posses- 
sion of the country in the name of France. '^ 

1539. De Soto (sent out by Spain,^) undertakes the con- 
quest of Florida.^ 

1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi'^ Kiver. 

1542. Death of De Soto. 

1562. Ribault {sent out by Coligny,) builds Fort Carolina, 
at Port Royal, '^ S. C, which was the first attempt to plant a 
colony in the United States. 

1564. French Protestants, under Laudonnier, (sent out by 
Coligny,) settle in Florida.^ 

1565. First permanent settlement in the United States at 
St. Augustine,'^ Florida,^ by the Spaniards. 

1583. Gilbert takes possession of Newfoundland,'^ in the 
name of Queen Elizabeth. 

** St. Lawrence issues from Lake Ontario, and empties into the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence. Considering the river in connection with the lakes, it takes various 
names : between Lake Superior and Huron, it is called the St. Mary; between 
Lakes Huron and Erie, the St. Clair and Detroit; between Lakes Erie and 
Ontario, the Niagara; and between Ontario and the sea, the St. Lawrence. 
Its length, including the chain of lakes, is 2200 miles. 

" Montreal, the principal town of Canada, is on an island in the St Law- 
rence, just below the Ottawa Eiver. It is 142 miles southwest from Quebec. 
Population, 58,000. 

'^ Mississippi {Miasi S>pi, i. e., the "Great Water") River is, with the Mis- 
souri, the longest river in the world. Flowing from north to south, through 
18° of latitude, it has a descent of six inches to the mile — the current con- 
tinually increases in velocity, until it reaches sixty or seventy mUes per day. 
Vessels are usually eight to ten days in ascending from the Gulf to New 
Orleans, and nine or ten weeks in reaching the mouth of the Illinois River. 
By steam, the passage to Cincinnati and back is accomplished in less than 
twenty days. The first steamboat on the Western waters was built at Pitts- 
burg in 1811. 

" Port Royal is an island on the coast of South Carolina, fifty miles south- 
west from Charleston. 

'^ St. Augustine is on the east coast of Florida, thirty-five mUcs south of the 
St. John's River. On the east is Matanzas Sound, separating it from Anas- 
tasia Island. Population, 2000. 

" Newfoundland (nu'-fund-land'), an island of British America, southeast 



16 ELIZABETH. [1558-1003 

1584. Ealeigh's first expedition lands at Roanoke/" and 
names the country Virginia.'*' 

1585. Raleigh's second expedition, under Sir Richard 
Grenville, settles at Roanoke.^", 

158 1. Raleigh's third expedition, under Captain White, 
fails for want of supplies. 

1592. "Law of Conformity"^^ passed by Elizabeth, and 
Puritans ^^ emigrate to Holland.^* 

of Labrador, and east of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, nearly one thousand miles 
in circumference. It derives all its importance from its fisheries. 

^ Roanoke, an island which separates Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds-. 

^* Virginia, one of the thirteen original States, so called in honor of Eliza- 
beth, the Virgin Queen, originally comprised the country lying between 34° 
and 45° of North Latitude, embracing all the territory between Cape Fear 
and Halifax. In 1606, it was divided into North and South Virginia. The 
State of Virginia is the most northern of the Southern States. Its motto is 
Sic semper tyrannis, " Thus we serve tyrants." It is a slave State, and is 
known as the "Ancient" or "Old Dominion." 

^ " Law of Conformity." — On the accession of Elizabeth, two parties existed 
in England : those who adhered to the Church as established in the reign of 
Edward VI., and those who wished to make it still more pure — hence calle'd 
Puritans. In 1565, those clergymen who would not conform to the use of the 
clerical vestments, &c., were deprived of their livings. But this only tended 
to make them adhere still more strictly to their principles ; and, under the 
guidance of a zealous leader, Robert Brown, they advocated a total separation 
from the Established Church, and an independent organization. From this 
circumstance, they received the names of Brownists, Separatists, or Inde- 
pendents. In 1592 a law was passed, declaring that any person over sixteen 
years of age who refused to attend the public worship of the Established 
Church should be imprisoned ; if he persisted in his refusal, he should be 
banished ; and if he returned from banishment, death was the penalty. 

^ "Puritan" was a term applied somewhat indefinitely to all persons 
opposed to the Established Church. It included three parties, viz : political 
puritans, who contended for the greatest amount of civil liberty; puritans in 
discipline, who were opposed to the ceremonies and government of the Epis- 
copal Church ; and doctrinal puritans, who were opposed to the doctrines of 
the Established Church, and favored those of the Reformers. 

^* Holland (or. The Netherlands,) is a low, flat country in the north-western 
part of Europe, on the North Sea. The Puritans first went to Amsterdam, 
and then to Leyden. 



1603-1625.] JAMES I. 17 

1594. New Mexico ^^ settled at Santa Fe^^ by the Spaniards. 

1598. Henry IV., of France, issues the "Edict of Nantes,"*'' tolerating Protest- 
ants. 

1602. Gosnold discovers and names Cape Cod.^^ 

1603. De Monts receives from Henry lY., king of France/' 
a grant of Acadia ^^ (extending from Delaware Bay"'^ to the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence^^). 

^^ New Mexico, a territory of the United States, acquired from Mexico by 
the treaty of 1848. Its area was increased by treaty in 1854, when the 
United States acquired the Mesilla Valley, a tract of bottom land eight or 
ten miles long, in the southern part of New Mexico, west of the Eio Grande. 
Population, 61,547; area, 207,007 square miles. 

^ Santa Fe (san'-ta.fa'), the capital of New Mexico, is on the Rio Chieito, 
or Santa Fe River, twenty miles from the Rio Grande. One or two newspapers 
are issued here. Population, 4846. 

"" Nantes (nants), a city of France, on the Loire, noted for the famous 
"Edict" in favor of the Protestants, promulgated by Henry IV., 1598, and 
revoked by Louis XIV., 1685. Population, 110,000. 

^ Cape Cod, a peninsula on the southern side of Massachusetts Bay, so 
called from the number of cod-fish found there. 

^ Acadia (a-ea'-de-a), a name originally applied to all the French posses- 
sions in North America, but afterwards limited to Nova Scotia (no'-va 
sko'-she-a,) and New Brunswick. From 1614, when Argall conquered it, 
until 1710, it was repeatedly captured by the English, and as often ceded back 
to the French. In 1710, Nova Scotia was permanently annexed to the 
British crown, and Port Royal was named Annapolis in honor of Queen Anne 
(1702-1713). In King George's war. Cape Breton (kape brit'-on), which was 
considered a part of Acadia, was taken by the English in 1745, but was 
restored by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (aix-la-sha-pel'). After this treaty, 
the British Government determined to introduce English colonists, and 
Halifax was settled by the Hon. Ed. Cornwallis. England, at this time, 
claimed all that large territory, including not only Nova Scotia, but New 
Brunswick; while France contended that the peninsula only was referred to 
in the treaty. In 1755, the English completed the conquest of Acadia. The 
French inhabitants, deeply attached to the mother country, steadily refused 
to take the oath of allegiance to Great Britain, and a few individuals remained 
in open rebellion. The Government, with the advice of Admirals Boscawen 
and Mostyn, then formed the horrible plan of tearing the inhabitants from their 
homes, and dispersing them among the British Colonies. They were driven 
on board the ships at the point of the bayonet, and carried to various towns on 
the coast. In order to prevent their return, the houses were burned and the 
lands laid waste. In 1763, the French possessions were ceded to England. 

** Delaware Bay lies between New Jersey and Delaware. The southern 
I. — 2 



J8 JAMES I. [1603-1G25. 

1605. First permaueut French settlcmeut in America^ at 
Port Royal ^' (Xova Scotia,^ near the Bay of Fund i/^). 

1G06. James I. grants South Virginia -' to the London 
Company, and Xorth Virginia-' to the Plymouth Company. 

1607. First permanent English settlement in America- at 
Jamestown.^ 

IGOS. Champlaiu (sent out hij France,^^) founds Quebec.'^ 

1609. Hudson River ^ discovered by Henry Hudson (6cut 
out by the Butch). 

16U. Xew York^ settled at Manhattan^' by the Dutch. 
Captain John Smith explores the coast from Penobscot^ to 
Cape Cod.-^ 

point of Xew Jersey is Cape May. on which is the celebrated watering-place, 
Cape Island City. On the Delaware side is Cape Henlopen. The bay is 
twenty miles wide at its mouth. 

*^ Port Royal, named Annapolis in 1710. once the capital of French Acadia, 
is in the western part of Xova Scotia, near the Bay of Fnndy. 

* Xova Scotia, — {See Acadia,^). 

^ Bay of Fundy lies between Xova Scotia and Xew Brunswick. It is 
remarkable for the height of its tides, which often reach sixty feet. 

" Jamestown, the oldest English settlement in the United States, is on the 
east side of the James Eiver, due west of Yorktown, and southeast of the 
Chickahominy River. The place is in ruins, and is not found on modern maps. 

" Quebec (called the "Gibraltar of America,*') is a strongly fortified city 
of Canada East, on the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the St. Charles. In 
1759, the French, under Montcalm, were encamped below the city, between 
the Montmorcnci and the Sl Charles, while the English lay on the other side 
of the Montmorenci. Point Levi, immediately opposite the city, and Orleaus, 
a few miles down the river, were also occupied by the English. Quebec is 
from an Indian word, Kebcc, '* narrow." Population, 43,000. 

* The Hudson River, named after Henry Hudson, flows nearly due south, 
in the eastern part of Xew York, and empties into Xew York Bay. 

^' Xew York, one of the thirteen original States, was so called in honor of 
the Duke of York and Albany, to whom it was granted in 16t>4. Xew York 
is the first State in commerce, and only exceeded by Pennsylvania and Massa- 
chusetts in manufactures. It is a free State. 

** Manhattan, or Xew York Island, is formed by the Hudson, East, and 
Harlem Rivers. It is fourteen mUes long. The name is Indian, signifying 
** the place where we all got drunk together.*' 

^ Penobscot (pe-nob'-skot'). is the largest river in Maine. At it5 mouth it 
is iifty miles east of the Kennebec. 



1603-1625.] JAMES I. 19 

1619. First Representative Assembly in America^ called 
by GoYernor Yeardley at Jaraestown,^^ Virginia.^' 

1620. Massachusetts '° settled at Plymouth-*' by English 
Puritans.^' 

1621. Massasoit (Chief of the Wampanoags,) makes a 
treaty with the settlers at Plymouth."'' 

1622. Settlers at Jamestown ^^ massacred by the Indians. 

1623. New Hampshire '" settled at Dover"" by the English. 

1624. Xew Jersey ^^ settled at Bergen''^ by the Dutch and 
Danes. 

1625. Maine '^ settled at Bristol'^ by the English. 

*" Massachusetts, often called the "Bay State," is one of the thirteen original 
States. Its motto is, '• By the sword she seeks peace under liberty." Massa- 
chusetts is a free State. 

*' Plymouth (so called from Plymouth, in England,) is thirtj'-eight miles 
southeast from Boston. A part of the rock on which the Pilgrims landed 
was placed in the centre of the town in 1774. Population, 5000. 

** New Hampshire, one of the thu'teen original States, is so called from 
Ilampshiie, iu England, from which many of the settlers came. New Hamp- 
shire was united with Massachusetts in 1641, and separated in 16S0 ; united 
again in 1690, separated in 1692; again united in 1699, and finally separated 
in 1741. From 1699 until 1741, the two Colonies had separate Legislatures, 
but the same Governor. New Hampshire is a free State. 

*' Dover, a town in New Hampshire, on the Cocheco River, four miles 
above its junction with the Piscataqua. It was formerly called Cocheco. 

** New Jersey, one of the thirteen original States, was so called in honor of 
Sir George Carteret, who had defended the Island of Jersey during the civil 
war. In 1677 it was divided into East and West Jersey, and from this fact 
comes the expression " the Jerseys." In tlie narrowest part it is only thirty 
miles wide. New Jersey is a free State. 

*' Bergen, a town in New Jersey, on the top of Bergen Ridge, three miles 
west of New York City. Population, about 3000. 

* Maine is the most eastern of the United States ; and Eastport, 67° "West 
Long., the most eastern town. In 1652, Maine united with Massachusetts, 
though it was not until 1677 that the dispute between Massachusetts and the 
heirs of Gorges was decided in England in favor of Massachusetts. Maine 
became a State in 1S20. Its motto is Dirigo, " I direct." Maine is a free 
State. 

*' Bristol is a town on the coast of Maine, between the Penobscot and Ken- 
nebec Rivers. Population, 3000. 



20 CHARLES I. [1G25-1649. 

1627. Delaware"^ settled at Cape Henlopen''^ by the Swedes 
and Finns. 

1633. Connecticut^^ settled at Windsor^' by emigrants from 
Massachusetts.'*'' 

1634. Maryland ^2 settled at St. Mary's^' by Roman Cath- 
olics, under Lord Baltimore. 

1835. Sir Henry Vane emigrates to America. Tlie king forbids Cromwell and 
Hampden to leave England. 

1636. Pvhode Island ^^ settled at Providence^" by the Bap- 
tists, under Roger Williams. 

*8 Delaware, one of the thirteen original States, is the smallest of the United 
States, except Rhode Island. Area, only 2120 square miles. Delaware is a 
slave State, but contains only 2000 slaves. 

" Cape Henlopen is in Delaware, on the south side of Delaware Bay, oppo- 
site to Cape May. The Delaware Breakwater is a few miles north of the Cape. 

^° Connecticut (kon-net'-e-kut), one of the thirteen original States, is the 
most southern part of New England. The name is probably Indian. Its 
motto is, "He who transplanted still sustains." Connecticut is a free State. 

*^ Windsor is on the west side of the Connecticut River, seven miles north 
of Hartford. 

^^ Maryland, one of the thirteen original States, and the most southern of 
the Middle States, derives its name from Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. 
It is third in the Union in the amount of tobacco raised. Maryland is a slave 
State. 

*^ St. Mary's, a town on the St. Mary's River, ten miles from its j unction 
with the Potomac. 

^ Rhode Island, one of the thirteen original States, is the smallest State in 
the Union, having an area of only 1225 square miles, exclusive of Narragan- 
sett Bay. The greatest liberty in religious opinions prevailed in Rhode Island 
from its settlement. Unlike the other Colonies, Rhode Island did not adopt 
a Constitution at the Revolution, but continued to be governed by the Charter 
obtained in 1663, until 18-42, when an attempt was made to form a Constitu- 
tion. A difficulty occurred as to the mode of adopting the Constitution. The 
" Suffrage Party" (having, in the opinion of their opponents, acted illegally 
in the formation of the Constitution,) elected a Legislature, and chose Thomas 
W. Dorr as Governor. At the same time, the "Law and Order Party" elected 
Samuel W. King, Governor, and in 1843 both parties met and organized their 
respective governments. A civil war ensued, which was ended by the arrest 
and imprisonment of Dorr for treason, and the establishment of the Constitu- 
tion legally adopted. Dorr was pardoned in 1845. Rhode Island is a free 
State. Its motto is " Hope." 

" Providence, a town at the head of Narragansett Bay, on both sides of the 
Providence River. 



1619-1660.] THE COMMONWEALTH. 2h 

163t. War between the Pequods and Connecticut^" settlers 
ended by the destruction of the tribe. 

1638. Harvard College founded at Cambridge. ^^ 

1639. First printing-press established in America.^ — 
(First book printed, the "Freeman^s Oatli.''^ ) 

1641. New Hampshire"^ unites with Massachusetts.''" 

1643. Union of the New England Colonies (except Rhode 
Tsland,^^) for mutual protection and defence. 

1644. Second massacre of the Virginia^' settlers by the 
Indians. 

1646. Defeat of the Indians at Strickland Plains ^^ by New 
York^"' settlers. 

1649. Charles I. beheaded by the Parliament, and mon- 
archy abolished. 

1651. "Navigation Acts"^^ passed by Cromwell. 

1655. Dutch conquer the Swedes on the Delaware. 

1658. Death of Cromwell. 

'" Cambridge (originally called Newtown), is one of the suburbs of Boston, 
with which it is connected by a bridge. As the traveller passes through it, 
on his way to Mt. Auburn, many objects remind him that he is on classical 
ground. There stands the house which Washington made his head-quarters 
in 1775, now occupied by Longfellow, the poet* 

" Strickland Plains was on an isthmus in the south-western part of Con- 
necticut, then claimed by the Manhattan Colony. Being used for pasturing 
horses, it was called Horseneck. The town on this site is called Greenwich 
(green'-witch). It should be observed that there is a difference in the pro- 
nunciation of many names in England and America. The tendency in Eng- 
land is to shorten all proper names. Greenwich and Norwich are there always 
pronounced Grin'-idge and Nor'-idge. Care should be taken, therefore, to 
make the proper distinction in these words. 

^ The "Navigation Acts" provided that no merchandize should be imported 
into any of the British Colonies, except in vessels built in England or her 
plantations, and navigated by Englishmen ; and that none but native or natu- 
ralized subjects should exercise the occupation of merchant or factor in any 
English settlement. The principal articles of American production (such as 
cotton, wool, tobacco, and sugar,) were not allowed to be exported to any 
country but England. In 1663, Charles II. made these restrictions still more 
oppressive, by prohibiting the importation of European commodities into the 
Colonies, except in English ships, laden in England. This last provision 
obliged the colonists to purchase all foreign articles in England, even though 
they could bo purchased more advantageously in other countries. 
2* 



22 CHARLES II. [1660-lb85 

1660. Restoration of monarchy. 

(Charles II. ascends the throne.) 

Arrival of the Regicides^' {Gofe and Whalley). 

1663. North Carolina'^ settled by the English at Albe- 
marle.*^" 

Second ''Navigation Acts"^^ passed by Charles II. 

1664. New Netherlands surrenders to the English, and the 
name of Manhattan ^^ is changed to New York.^^ 

(Charles II. grants the province to his brother, the Duke of York and Albany.) 

1669. Wisconsin ^^ settled at Green Bay^* by the French. 

^ North Carolina, one of the thirteen original States, was settled as early 
as 1653, by emigrants from Virginia, but its permanent settlement dates from 
that made under the auspices of Lord Albemarle, in 1663. Its soil is aurife- 
rous, and a branch mint has been established at Charlotte. To a member of 
Congress from Buncombe, in this State, we are indebted for the expressioia 
frequently occurring in newspaper accounts of Congressional proceedings, viz : 
"Talking for Buncombe." North Carolina is a slave State. (Inhabitant, 
North Car-o-lin'-e-an.) 

*° Albemarle Sound, so called in honor of the Duke of Albemarle. The first 
settlements were on the Chowan, near the present village of Edenton. 

^' On the restoration of monarchy, by the accession of Charles IL, an "Act 
of Indemnity" was passed, towards all pei'sons who had taken part against 
the crown, except those concerned in the death of the king. Against these, 
criminal proceedings were instituted. Sixty of the regicides were brought to 
trial — ten were executed — the rest were reprieved, and imprisoned or banished. 
Two of the latter, Goffe and Whalley, succeeded in escaping to Boston, where 
they were kindly received by Gov. Endicott and the inhabitants. At various 
times, inejffectual attempts were made by the king to arrest them. It is said 
that Goffe was concealed for many years in the house of the minister of Hadley. 
During King Philip's War, the Indians attacked that place, while the inhab- 
itants were engaged in divine service. In the midst of the consternation and 
confusion that ensued, an unknown man of venerable aspect suddenly' appeared, 
placed himself at the head of the terrified inhabitants, and led them on to 
victory. It was GoflTe. He died in 1679. 

^^ New York, the largest city in the United States, and the thii-d in point 
of wealth and population in the civilized world, comprises the island of Man- 
hattan at the junction of the East and Hudson Kivers. Lat. 40° 42' 43" N., 
Lon. 74° 0' 3" W. Population, 624,179. 

" Wisconsin, originally a part of the "Northwest Territory," was erected 
into a separate territorial government in 1836, and became a State in 1848. 
Wisconsin is a free State. Its motto is, " Civilization has succeeded barba- 
rism." 

" Green Bay, a thriving town in Wisconsin, at the head of Green Bay, and 



1660-1685.] CHARLES II. 23 

1670. South Carolina^' settled at Port Koyal'^ by the 
English. 

Michigan ^^ settled at Detroit ^^ by the French. 

1612. Liberty of "free trade" taken away from the Colo- 
nies by Charles II. 

1673. Mississippi'^ River navigated by Marquette. 

1675. Commencement of " King Philip's War." 

1676. " King Philip's War " ended by his death. 
1680. New Hampshire''^ separates from Massachusetts.'"' 
1680. New Hampshire''^ becomes a royal province. 

at the mouth of the Fox River, 111 miles north from Milwaukee. When the 
present improvements of the river are completed, Green Bay will have unin- 
terrupted steam navigation with the Mississippi. Population, 2500. 

^^ South Carolina, one of the thirteen original States, was settled principally 
by the English, hut after the revocation of the "Edict of Nantes," in 1685, 
many Huguenots (French Protestants,) sought refuge on its hospitable shores. 
Its first Constitution was prepared by the celebrated John Locke, at the 
request of Lord Shaftsbury. It was ludicrously unsuited to the condition of 
the settlers, establishing a hereditary order of nobility, with all the appendages 
of royalty, among a people dwelling in rude log huts, thinly scattered over a 
large extent of wilderness. The Constitution was abrogated in 1693. South 
Carolina is a slave State. Its motto is, Dnm sj^iro, spero, "While I live 
I hope." She is called the "Palmetto State." (Inhabitant, South Car-o- 
lin'-i-an.) 

^ Michigan (mish'-i-gan), meaning "great water," one of the Western 
States, was formed out of the Northwest Territory. The staple products are 
wheat, Indian corn, oats, and Irish potatoes (for which the soil is especially 
favorable). It has i^robably the richest copper-mines in the world. Lakes 
Huron and Superior arc connected by St. Mary's Straits, in which navigation 
is impeded by the Rapids of Sault St. Mary (usually pronounced Soo-sent- 
md-ree, Fr. pron. So-sang-ma-ree). Congress gave the State of Michigan 
750,000 acres of land to construct a ship-canal around these rapids. The 
work, in size and style, is superior to anything of the kind on the continent. 
The locks are supposed to be the largest in the world, the gates being each 
forty feet wide. The main body of the canal is excavated through solid 
rock. The British did not surrender Detroit until 1796. Michigan is a free 
State. 

^'' Detroit, so called from the strait on which it is situated, (in French, De- 
troit,) is on the west bank of the river, eighteen miles from Lake Erie. It i^ 
a port of entry; the annual exports amounting to $4,000,000, and its imports 
to $15,000,000. Population, 35,000. 



24 JAMES II. [1685-1689. 

1682. Pennsylvania^^ settled at Philadelphia^^ by William 
Penn. 

1685. Arkansas '^"settled at Arkansas Post"' by tlie French. 

Louis XIV. revokes the " Edict of Kantes,"^'' and nian> Protestants, called 
Huguenots, emigrate to America.^ 

1686. Andross made Governor of all New England. 
Charter of Connecticut^ hidden in an oak. 

1688. New York^'^ and New Jersey"^ included in the juris- 
diction of Andross. 

" Glorious Revolution" in England.^ 

1689. James II. abdicates the throne, and takes refuge in France." AVilliara 
and Mary ascend the throne. 

1689. ''King William's War " (betiveen England^ and 
France, ^^) commences in America.^ 

Andross imprisoned, and sent to England.'' 

1690. Texas'^ settled at De Bexar '^ by the Spaniards. 

*^ Pennsylvania, one of the thirteen original States, is the first State in the 
Union for wheat, rye, coal, and iron, and the second in population. It was 
named in honor of William Penn, (Penn's sylvia, or woods,) and is the only 
instance of an American colony settled without bloodshed. Pennsylvania is 
a free State. Its motto is, "Virtue, liberty, and independence." It is called 
the " Keystone State." (Inhabitant, Penn-syl-va'-ni-an.) 

^' Philadelphia, the second city of the United States in population, is situ- 
ated between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, six miles above their con- 
fluence. Camden is on the opposite side of the Delaware, in New Jersey, 
and West Philadelphia, one of its suburbs, on the west bank of the Schuylkill. 
Population, in 1850, 408,000. Latitude, 40° N.; Long., 75° W. 

'" Arkansas (ar-kan'-sas), one of the Western States, was formerly a part of 
Louisiana Territory, purchased from France in 1803. It is rich in mineral 
resources, coal, iron, lead, manganese, gypsum, and salt. Grain and stock 
are the staple products. Arkansas became a territory in 1819, and a State in 
1836. It is a slave State. 

■" Arkansas Post is on the left bank of the Arkansas River, fifty miles from 
its mouth. 

'^ Texas (tex'-as,) was formerly a Mexican province. An extensive emi- 
gration from the United States commenced in 1821, and in 1832 had swelled 
to such an amount as to induce the inhabitants to petition the Government 
for admission into the Mexican Confederacy as an independent State. 
Stephen P. Austin was appointed to present the petition, which was refused, 
and Austin imprisoned for more than a year. On his release, the Tcxans 
resolved to resort to arms, and headed by Austin, Fannin, Travis, and Colonel 



16S8-1702.] WILLIAM AND MARY. 25 

Indiana'^'* settled at Yiucennes"^^ by the French. 

Phipp's unsuccessful expedition against Canada." 

Dover "^ burned by the Indians. 

1692. Salem '^ witchcraft. 

1697. King William's War ended by Treaty of Ryswick.'^ 

1699. Louisiana "^^ settled at Iberville ^° by the French. 

Bowie, preparations were made for war. A Convention in 1835 cliose Henry 
Smith for Grovernor, and Samuel Houston, Commander-in-chief of the Army. 
The Texans took San Antonio de Bexar in 1835; but, in 1836, the spirit of 
the people was roused to the utmost pitch of indignation by the barbarities 
that were practised by the Mexicans at Bexar, the Alamo, and Goliad. Among 
the slain at the Alamo were Travis, Bowie, and David Crockett. A decisive 
battle took place at San Jacinto, when the Mexican force was totally destroyed, 
and Santa Anna captured. The independence of Texas was acknowledged 
by the United States and European nations; and, in 1845, Texas became a 
State in the American Union, Texas is the Indian word for "friends." 
(Adjective and inhabitant, Texan.) Area, 237,504 square miles. Texas is a 
slave State. 

" San Antonio de Bexar, a thriving town in Texas, on the San Antonio 
River, 110 miles southwest from Austin. It has a large trade, and contains a 
United States Arsenal, Population, 7000. 

''* Indiana,-one of the Western States, formed out of the Northwest Terri- 
tory, lies between Lake Michigan on the north, the Wabash River on the 
west, and the Ohio on the south. Indiana ranks the fourth State in the 
amovmt of Indian corn raised, and the seventh in population. Wyandotte 
Cave, in Crawford County, is said to rival the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. 
It has been explored for many miles ; its chambers and galleries abound in 
stalactites and other formations, Indiana is a free State, 

■" Vincennes, a town in Indiana, on the Wabash River, 

■* Dover, a town in New Hampshire, on the Cocheco River, twelve miles 
northwest from Portsmouth. 

" Salem, a town on Massachusetts Bay, thirteen miles northeast from Boston. 
Indian name, Na-um-keag, Population, 20,934. 

■•^ Ryswick (riz'-wik), a town in the western part of Holland, two miles 
southeast from Hague (haig), and thirty-five mUes southwest from Amsterdam. 
Population, 2,300, 

" Louisiana (loo'-iz-e-an'-na), the first State formed from the Louisiana 
Territory, was settled principally by France and Spain, Cotton and sugar 
are the staple products, but tropical fruits are produced in the southern part. 
Louisiana is a slave State, Its motto is " Union and confidence." Inhabit- 
ant, Louisianian (loo'-iz-e-an'-c-an), 

*° Iberville (i-ber-vil), a village in Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, 
ninety miles above New Orleans. 



26 QUEEN ANNE. [1702-1714 

1700. Yale College founded at Saybrook.^' (Removed in 

1717 to New Haven^') 

1702. Queen Anne's War commences (between England^ 

and France, ^^) in America.'^ 

1704. First newspaper published in America^ in Boston.^ 

(''Boston Weekly News- Letter.''^) 

Deerfield^'' burned by the Indians and French 
1711. Alabama^ settled at Mobile ^^ by the French. 
Admiral Walker's unsuccessful expedition against Canada.^ 
1713. Queen Anne's War ended by Treaty of Utrecht.^^ 
1716. Mississippi^^ settled at Natchez^ by the French. 

*' Saybrook, a town at the mouth of the Connecticut Kiver, on the western 
side. It was so called in honor of Lord Say and Seal, and Lord Brooke, to 
■whom it was transferred by Lord Warwick. 

*^ New Haven is a port of entry in Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, 
thirty-four miles southwest from Hartford. It is called the " City of Elms." 
Its Indian name is Quinipiac. Population, 23,000. 

*' Boston, the second commercial city in the United States, is at the western 
extremity of Massachusetts Bay, in 42° 21' N. Lat., and 71° 4' W. Longitude. 
Inhabitant, Bostonian (bos-to'-ue-an). Population in 1850, 136,000. 

^* Deerfield, a small town in Massachusetts, west of the Connecticut River, 
and north of Springfield. Population, 2500. 

" Alabama, one of the Southern States, was visited by De Soto in 1540. 
In 1702, Brienville built a fort on Mobile Bay; the present site of Mobile was 
not occupied until 1711. Alabama formed a part of Georgia until 1S02, was 
then a part of Mississippi until 1817, when it was erected into a Territory, 
and in 1819 became a State. Alabama raises more cotton than any other 
State in the Union. It is a slave State. 

^^ Mobile, a town on the west bank of the MobUe River, thirty miles from 
the Gulf of Mexico. Population, 20,000. 

^■' Canada, the most important part of British America, extends from 64° to 
nearly 91° W. Long. Its most southern extremity is Pelee Island, in Lake 
Erie, 41° 45' N. Lat. Canada comprises all the territory north of the Lakes, 
as far west as the heads of the streams falling into Lake Superior. Uppei 
and Lower Canada were united in 1841. Upper Canada, now caUed Canada 
West, on the western side of the Ottawa River, has a much milder climate and 
more productive soil than Canada East. 

** Utrecht (u'-trekt), is a noted city in Holland, on the Rhine, twenty mUea 
southeast from Amsterdam. Population, 50,000. 

*' Mississippi was formerly a part of West Florida. It was erected into a 
territorial government in 1798, and in 1817 was admitted into the Union. 
Mississippi is a slave State. Inhabitant, Mississippian (mis-s\s-sip'-e-an). 



1727-17G0.] GEORGE II. 21 

1*720. Illinois'" settled at Kaskaskia^ by the French. 

1*725. Yermont^^ settled at Fort Duramer®'* by emip^rants 
from Massachusetts."^ 

] t32, George Washington born in Westmoreland^^ County, 
Yirginia.^' 

Laws **^ passed restricting manufactures. 

It 33. Georgia''^ settled at Savannah^'' by the English. 

Soon after the settlement of Georgia,'* the celebrated preachers, John 

Wesley and George Whitfield, visited America.' 
"Sugar Act" "^ passed. 

1*744. King George's War (between England^ and 
France^\) commences in America.^ 

^ Natchez, the largest commercial city of Mississippi, is on the Mississippi 
River, 279 miles above New Orleans. Population, 6000. 

" Illinois (il-in-oi'), one of the Western States, was formed out of the North- 
west Territory. It has Lake Michigan and the Wabash River on its eastern 
boundary, the Ohio on its southern, and the Mississippi on its western. 
Illinois is rich in minerals : lead, bituminous and anthracite coal, copper, iron, 
and marble. The State ranks third in the production of Indian corn. Illinois 
is a free State. 

** Kaskaskia, a town in Illinois, on the Kaskaskia River, two miles from 
the Mississippi River. 

^^ Vermont (verde 7))onis), so called from the Green Mountains, is one of the 
New England States. It was settled at Fort Dummer, near Brattleboro, in 
1725. The territory of this State was claimed both by New York and New 
Hampshire. In 1777, the people declared themselves independent, but the 
opposition of New York was only withdrawn by the payment of $30,000. 
Vermont is a free State. 

•^ Fort Dummer, now Brattleboro, is on the right bank of the Connecticut 
River, 100 miles from Montpelier. 

®* Westmoreland County is on the Potomac River. 

®* Georgia, the last settled of the original thirteen States, was named in 
honor of the reigning monarch, George II., who granted the territory as an 
asylum for the poor of England and the persecuted Protestants of all nations. 
The Spaniards claimed the country as far north as 33°. Georgia is one of 
the most flourishing of the Southern States. It is a slave State. 

■" Savannah, the largest commercial city in Georgia, is on the right bank 
of the Savannah River, fifteen miles from its mouth. The British took it 
in 1778, and evacuated it in July, 1783. Population in 1853, 24,000. 



23 GEORGEII. [1727-17CO. 

It 45. Louisburg^ and Cape Breton ^^ taken by the British. 
(British commanders, Sir William Pepperell and Admiral 
Warren.) 

1^48. King George's War ended by the Treaty of Aix-lu- 
Chapelle.'°° 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 1756-1763. 

1Y49. George II. grants the territory on the Ohio'"' River 
to the Ohio Company. 

1*753. Washington sent with a letter of remonstrance to 
St. Pierre, the French Commander at Yenango.'"^ 

1^54. Expedition against the French. 

Washington surprises the French at Great Meadows, "^ 
(Jumonville killed.) 

Washington capitulates at Fort Necessity. '""^ 

Convention meets at Albany. '°^ (Flan of confederation 
iwoposed by Dr. Franklin.) 

^8 Louisburg (loo'-e-burg), is on the southeast side of the island of Cape 
Breton (kape brit'-on). After its capture in 1758, the buildings were demo- 
lished, and the materials cari'ied away for the construction of Halifax and 
other towns. It is difficult now to trace the position of the principal buildings' 
and fortifications. 

'® Cape Breton (kape brit'-on), an island of British America, lies between 
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Its capital is Sydney. 

'<*" Aix-la-Chapelle (aix-la-sha-pel'), a town in Rhenish Prussia. It derives 
its name from a splendid chapel built by Charlemagne. The doors of this 
temple were of bronze, and its dome bore a massive globe of gold. Aix-la- 
Chapelle was for some time the capital of the empire. Charlemagne was 
buried there in A. D. 814. Population, 46,000. 

"" Ohio River is formed by the junction of the Monongahela and Alleghany 
Rivers, in the western part of Pennsylvania, and empties into the Mississippi. 
Length, 950 miles. 

*°* Venango, now Franklin, is the capital of Venango County, Pa. Aux 
Boeuf (o-bulf), now French Creek, in Venango County, is a west branch of 
the Alleghany River. 

'"^ Great Meadows is ten miles east of Uniontown, Pa. 

^°* Fort Necessity was in Fayette County, Pa., on the National Road. 

'"* Albany (aul'-ba-ne), the capital of New York, is on the west bank of tho 
Hudson River, 160 miles north from the city of New York. It was cnllod 
Fort Orange until 1664, when its name was changed, in honor of the Duke 
of York and Albany, to whom the territory was granted. 



1727-1760.] GEORGE II. 29 

1155. Braddock appointed Commander-in-chief. 
British; under Monckton, take Acadia''^ (Nova Scotia'^). 
Expedition against Fort Du Quesne.'°^ Braddock's defeat. 

(Shwly succeeds Braddock.) 

Johnson defeats the French at Lake George. '°' (Bieskau 
wounded; died in 116T.) 

Expedition against Ticonderoga'"^ and Crown Point, '°' 
under Johnson, abandoned. 

1156. War declared. Lord Loudon, Commander-in-chief. 
Fort Oswego '"^ taken by Montcalm. 

The Provincials defeat the Indians at Kittaning.'" 
1151. Tenness^"^ settled at Fort Loudon"^ by emigrants 
from ^North Carolina.^^ 

*°* Fort Du Quesne (du-kain'), on the present site of Pittsburg, was built by 
the French in 1754. It was abandoned to General Forbes in 1758, and named 
Pittsburg in honor of William Pitt. It is 357 miles from Philadelphia. Popu- 
lation, 110,241. 

"''' Lake George, called also Horieon, is a beautiful lake in New York, east 
of the Hudson River, During the French and Indian War, Major Rodgers, 
being closely pursued by the Indians, slid down a rock, rising almost perpen- 
dicular from the lake to the height of 200 feet, and landed safely on the ice. 

"* Fort Ticonderoga was on the west side of Lake Champlain, at the outlet 
of Lake George. This fort was considered the Gibraltar of America, requiring 
10,000 men to garrison it. Notwithstanding its strength, it is remarkable that 
Ticonderoga surrendered three times without an attempt at defence : in 1759 
to General Amherst, in 1775 to Gen. Ethan Allen, and in 1777 to Burgoyne. 
Mount Defiance, fortified by Burgoyne, which commands Ticonderoga, is in 
New York. Mount Independence is in Vermont. The forts are now in ruins. 

'"^ Crown Point, on the western shore of Lake Champlain, is about seventy- 
five miles north from Albany. Crown Point was built by the French in 1731, 
who abandoned it in 1759. It was captured by Allen and AVarner in 1775, 
and retaken by Burgoyne in 1777. Some of the ruins are still objects of 
interest. • 

"" Fort Oswego. — Old Fort Oswego was on the west side of the river. In 
1755, Fort Ontario was built on the east side of the Oswego River, and north 
of this is the present Fort Oswego. 

"' Kittaning is on the left bank of the Alleghany River, in Pennsylvania, 
forty-five miles above Pittsburg. Population, 2000. 

"* Tennessee, originally a part of North Carolina, was ceded to the General 
Government in 1790, when it was organized into the " Territory southwest of 
the Ohio." Tennessee is a slave State. 
L — 3 



30 GEORGE II. [1727-1760. 

Expedition against Louisburg^^ abandoned. 

Colonel Munroe surrenders Fort William Henry"* to Mont- 
calm. (The garrison massacred by the Indians.) 

William Pitt appointed Prime Minister {in June). 

1758. Abercrombie, Commander-in-Chief. 

Louisburg^** and Cape Breton ^^ taken by Generals Amherst 
and Wolfe. 

Abercrombie repulsed from Ticonderoga '°^ by Montcalm. 
(Lord Howe killed.) 

Fort Frontenac"^ (in Canada,^"^) taken by Colonel Brad 
street. 

Fort Du Quesne'°^ taken by Colonel Forbes. (Name 
changed to Pittsburg. ^^^) 

1*759. General Amherst, Commander-in-chief. 

Quebec "^ taken by General Wolfe. (Death of Wolfe and 
Montcalm.) 

Ticonderoga'°^ and Crown Point '°^ taken by Amherst. 

Fort Niagara"' taken by Sir William Johnson, (Pri- 
deaux killed.) 

1760. Montreal'^ capitulated, and the subjugation of the 
French in America^ was completed. 

1763. War ended by Treaty of Paris,"^ (or Versailles ^^^). 

France *' ceded to Great Britain' all the territory claimed by her east of tlie 
Mississippi '* and north of the Iberville River. 

*" Fort Loudon was on the Tennessee River, near the confines of Georgia 
and Tennessee. 

"* Fort William Henry was on Lake George, in New York. 

*" Fort Frontenac, now Kingston, is on the northeast part of Lake Ontario, 
in Canada. 

"' Quebec, a city and fortress of Canada, on the left bank of the St. Law- 
rence, at its junction with the St. Charles. From its great strength, it is fre- 
quently called the Gibraltar of America. It takes its name from an Indian 
word, Kehec, signifying "narrow." Population, 30,000. 

'" Fort Niagara, in New York, at the mouth of the Niagara River. 

'" Paris, the capital of France, is on both sides of the River Seine, 110 miles 
from its mouth. Population, 1,000,000. Versailles, the residence of the sove- 
reigns of France, is nine miles southwest from Paris. 



1760-1820.] GEORGE III. 31 

EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLUTION. 

1651. Nayigation Acts ** passed by Cromwell. 

1732. Laws^'' passed restricting mauufactures. 

1733. Sugar Act,"^ imposing duties on sugar, coffee, indigo, &c., passed. 

1Y64. Sugar Act "^ re-enacted. 

Missouri '^° settled at St. Louis'"' by the French. 

1765. Stamp Act'-^ passed. 

First Colonial Congress met in New York. 

(Timothy Ruggles, President. Declaration of rights framed.) 

Grenville succeeded by the Marquis of Rockingham as Prime Minister. The 
Marquis of Rockingham, Pitt, Barre, Lord Camden, and others, advocate 
the cause of the Colonies, and the repeal of the Stamp Act. 

ItGG. Stamp Act''' repealed. 

(Pitt, Earl of Chatham, Prime Minister.) 

11 6*7. Duties laid on tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors. 

1168. Military force, under Gen. Gage, stationed at Boston. ^^ 

1769. California* settled at San Diego by the Spaniards 

IT 10. Boston^'' Massacre. 

(Captain Preston tried for murder; ably defended by John Adams and Josiah 
Quincy, and acquitted.) 

Lord North, Prime Minister. 

Duties repealed, except those on tea. 

1113. Destruction of tea in Boston ^^ harbor, {Dec. 16). 

1114. Boston «^ Port Bill''' passed. 

*'' The Sugar Act imposed duties on all sugar and molasses imported into 
tlie Colonies. Other acts prohibited the exportation from any colony of hats 
and woollens of domestic manufacture; forbade hatters to employ more than 
two apprentices at a time ; and laid restrictions on the manufacture of iron 
and steel, pitchy tar, and turpentine. 

*-° Missouri is remarkable for enjoj-ing the navigation of the two largest 
rivers in the United States, if not in the world. It is the principal seat of an 
active trade with Santa Fe, and the territory lying between the States and 
the Rocky Mountains. (See paragraph ^"°.) Its motto is, "The public safety 
is the supreme law." (Inhabitant, " Missourian.") 

'^' St. Louis, one of the most important cities in the West, is on the Missis- 
sippi River, twenty miles below the mouth of the Missouri. 

*^ The Stamp Act was an act requiring all legal instruments, such as notes, 
bonds, deeds, &c., and printed almanacs, newspapers, &c., should be executed 
on stamped paper, for which a duty should be paid to the crown. 

''^ The Boston Port Bill was a bill removing the Custom-house to Salem, 
and prohibiting the landing or shipping of goods to Boston. 

* See Note on California, page 78. 



32 GEORGE III. [1760-1820. 

First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia.^^ — 

(Peyton Randolph and John Hancock, Presidents. This Congress agreed upon a 
dcchiration of rights, recommended a suspension of commercial intercourse, and voted 
an address to the king and people of Great Britain' and Canada.^') 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1775-1783. 

ITtS. Kentucky'^ settled at Boonesboro '^"^ by Daniel 
Boone. 

Boston*'' garrisoned with 3000 troops. General Gage, Royal Governor. 

Battle of Lexington. '^^ 

(American Commander, Parker ; British, Smith and Pitcaim. April 19.) 

Ticonderoga^°^ and Crown Point '°^ taken by Allen and 
Warner.* 

Arrival of Hovre, Clinton, and Burgoyne. 

"Washington appointed Commander-in-chief, (June 15). 
Battle of Bunker Hill. '-« 

(Americans defeated. Amer. Com., Prescott, aided by Putnam and Warren ; British, 
Howe, aided by Pigot and Clinton. June 17.) 

Invasion of Canada.^^ Montgomery captures Montreal.'* 
Montgomery killed in an unsuccessful attack on Quebec."^ 
11*76. Dunmore, the last royal Governor of Virginia,^' 
destroys Norfolk '^"^ by fire. 

*** Kentucky, one of the Western States, originally formed a part of Vir- 
ginia. It was settled at Boonesboro, in 1775, by Daniel Boone, and others. 
Kentucky is a slave State. 

"* Boonesboro, a decayed village on the Kentucky River, eighteen miles 
southeast of Lexington. 

^"^ Lexington, noted as the place where the first blood was shed in the 
Revolutionary War, is in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, eleven miles 
from Boston. 

^* Breed's Hill is a small eminence in Charlestown, one of the suburbs of 
Boston. Colonel Prescott had orders to fortify Bunker Hill, but Breed's being 
nearer and more eligible, it was concluded to fortify that. 

^^ Norfolk, a port of entry on Chesapeake Bay, at the mouth of the Eliza- 
beth River, eight miles fi-om Hampton Roads. On the opposite side of the 
river is Gosport, with a United States Arsenal, and extensive dry docks. 

* Arnold joined the expedition the day before the taking of Ticonderoga, as a volunteer^ 
and had no command. Allen took Ticonderoga, and Warner took Crown Point. — Loi,- 
singes ^'Fidd-Book of the Revolution" Vol. I., p. 153. 



1760-1820.] GEORGE III. ^3 

Washington fortifies Dorchester Heights. '^^ 
British evacuate Boston, ^^ and retire to Halifax.'^' 
British, under General Clinton, attack Charleston, "° and 
are repulsed by Moultrie. 

(British officers, CornwaUis and Sir P. Parker. June 28.) 

Independence proclaimed, July 4th. 

Committee that drafted the Declaration — Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, 
Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert 11. Livingston. 

Commissioners sent to France '' to solicit assistance. 

(Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee.) 

Battle of Long Island. '"' 

(Americans defeated. Amer. Com., Putnam ; British, Howe and Clinton. Aug. 27.) 
The American Generals, Sullivan, Stirling, and WoodhuU, were taken 

prisoners. 

Nathan Hale executed as a spy. 
Battle of White Plains. '=*' 

(Americans defeated. Amer. Corns., Washington and McDougall ; British, Ilowe &nH 
Leslie. Oct. 28.) 

British take Fort Washington.''^ 

(Amer. Com., Magaw : British, Howe. Nov. 16.1, 

Americans evacuate Fort Lee. '^ 

(Amer. Com., Greene; British, Cornwallis. Nov. 18.) 

*^ Dorchester Heights are on a peninsula south of Boston, while Charles- 
town is north of it. Washington succeeded in fortifying these heights, and 
Howe, seeing it was impossible to defend the city, determined to evacuate. 
The British were allowed to retire unmolested, on condition that they would 
not burn the city. 

''^ Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia, is on Chebucto Bay, ten miles from 
the sea, and has an excellent harbor. It was founded in 1749, and named 
after Lord Halifax. 

'** Charleston, a port of entry, and the largest city in South Carolina, is 
situated at the confluence of the Cooper and Ashley Elvers. Sullivan's Island 
is seven miles below. Population, 30,000. 

"' Long Island, south of New York and Connecticut, is separated from the 
main-land by Long Island Sound, which, near New York City, is only three 
quarters of a mile wide, and is called the East River. 

"* White Plains, twenty-seven miles northeast of New York City, in West- 
chester County, N. Y. 

'^^ Fort Washington is on the east side of the Hudson River, ten miles above 
New York. « 

*** Fort Leo is on the west side of the Hudson River, ten miles above N. York. 



34 GEORGE III. [1760-1820. 

The American army retreats through "the Jerseys. "'^^ 
Battle of Trenton. '^^ 

(Americans successful. Amer. Com., Washington; British, Bahl. Colonel Eahl 
killed. Dec. 26.) 

1111. Battle of Princeton.'" 

(British defeated. Amer. Com., Washington; British, Mawhood. General Mercer 
killed ; James Jlonroe -wounded. Jan. 3.) 

Arrival of Lafayette. 

Danbury"' burned by General Tryon's orders. 

Wooster, Arnold, and Sullivan, defended the town. 

Invasion of Burgoyne by way of Lake Champlain."^ 
Burgoyne takes Ticonderoga.'°^ 

(St. Clair, commander. July 5.) 

General Schuyler e-vacuates Fort Edward,"" and is joined by Gen. Lincoln 
and Kosciusko, chief engineer. 

Colonel Barton captures General Prescott. 
A detachment of Burgoyne's army defeated at Bennington '^' 
by Stark and Warner. 

(British Coms., Colonel Baum and Colonel Breyman. Aug. 16.) 
Fort Schuyler besieged by St. Leger. Aug. 3—22. 

Battle of Brandy wine. "2 

(Amer. Com., Washington; British, Howe. Knyphausen commanded the Hessians. 
Count Pulaski and Lafayette were in this engagement — the latter was wounded. 
Sept. 11.) 

135 (t r£^Q Jerseys." — This term originated, in the fact that New Jersey wa s 
divided, in 1677, into East and West Jersey, and was continued until after the 
Revolution. "Glorious news from the Jerseys" gladdened every heart in 
1776, when Washington fought the victorious battle of Trenton. 

^^ Trenton, the capital of New Jersey, is at the head of steamboat naviga- 
tion on the Delaware River, twenty-seven miles above Philadelphia. Popu- 
lation, 5000. 

"■" Princeton is in New Jersey, partly in Middlesex and partly in Somerset 
Counties, eleven miles northeast from Trenton. 

"* Danbury, in Connecticut, on the Norwalk and Danbury Railroad. 

*** Lake Champlain is between New York and Vermont, and extends a few 
miles north of the Canada lino. 

**** Fort Edward is on the east side of the Hudson River, forty -five miles 
north of Albany. 

'*' Bennington is in Bennington County, Vermont, 117 miles southwest ot 
Montpelier. 

'*^ Brandywine Creek flow« south-easterly through Pennsylvania, and emp- 
ties into Christiana Creek, at Wilmington. The bjittle was fought at Chad's 
Ford, near Kcunet Square, a few miles north of the boundary of Pennsylvania. 



mO-1820.] GEORGE III. 35 

Battle of Stillwater. '^^^ 

(Amer. Com., Gates ; British, Burgoyne. Sept. 19.) 

Defeat of General Wayne near Paoli.'*" {Sept 20.) 

Congress removes to Lancaster."* Washington retreats to PottsgrcTe.**^ 

British, under Cornwallis, enter Philadelphia. 

(The main hody, under Ilowe, encamp at Germautown.'^'' Sept. 26.) 

Unsuccessful attack on the British at Germantowu.^" 
Battle of Saratoga."^ 

(Amer. Com., Gates ; British, Burgoyne. Oct. 7.) 

Surrender of Burgoyne, (Oct. 17). 

Unsuccessful attack by the British on Fort Mercer.'"*^ 

(Donop killed. Americans abandon Forts Mercer"" and MifHiu.i'O) 

Washington encamps at Yalley Forge. ^^' 

(Tlic British, under Howe, go into winter-quarters at Philadelphia.**) 

1718. Treaty of alliance with France." 

(Signed by Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee.) 

British, under Clinton, evacuate Philadelphia,^^ (June 18). 
Battle of Monmouth. '52 

(Amer. Com., Washington; British, Clinton. June 28.) 
Lee reprimanded by Washington. 

'" Stillwater, N. Y., is west of the Hudson and north of the Mohawk Rivers, 
twenty-two miles from Albany. 

'" Paoli is on the Lancaster Turnpike, leading from Lancaster to Phila- 
delphia. The massacre took place one mile south of the Warren tavern, and 
two miles southwest of Paoli tavern. A monument was erected in 1817. 

"* Lancaster, the fourth city in Pennsylvania, is seventy mUes west from 
Philadelphia, and one mUe west from Conestoga Creek. 

** Pottsgrove, on the Schuylkill Eiver, thirty-five miles northwest from 
Philadelphia. 

"■" Germantown is now a part of Philadelphia, six miles K N. W. from the 
centre of the city. 

"* Saratoga is a township in a county of the same name, on the Hudson 
Biver, at the mouth of Fish Creek. Saratoga Springs, one of the principal 
watering-places in the United States, is twenty-eight miles from Albany. 

"^ lied Bank, which was defended by Fort Mercer, is in New Jersey, on 
the Delaware River, six miles from Philadelpt ia. The battle-ground is one 
and a half miles from the steamboat landing. A neat monument marks the 
place of Colonel Christopher Greene's victory. 

*'*' Port Mifflin, on Mud Island, is in the Delaware River, about six miles 
■ below Philadelphia, opposite Fort Mercer. The fort is still garrisoned. 

"' Valley Forge is in Chester County, Pa., twenty miles northwest of 
Philadelphia. 

'" Monmouth, now Freehold, is in Monmouth County, New Jersey. Colonel 



36 GEORGE III. [1760-1820. 

Lord North's " Conciliatory Bill " '^' passed by Parliament. 
France" acknowledges the independence of the Colonies. 
D'Estaing arrives with a French fleet. 
Massacre at Wyoming '^^ by British and Indians. 

(Amer. Com., Col. Zebulon Butler ; British, Col. John Butler.) 

Battle of Rhode Island. '^^ 

(Amer. Com., Sullivan; British, Pigot. Aug. 29.) 

Massacre at Cherry Yalley '^^ by the British and Indians. 

(Walter Butler, son of Col. John Butler, commanded the British; Brandt, Sachem 
of the Mohawks, the Indians.) 

British take Savannah.'" 

(Amer. Com., General Howe; British, Colonel Campbell. Dec. 29.) 

1719. Sunbury'^^ captured by Gen. Prevost, British Com- 
mander at the south. 

General Lincoln, American Commander of the southern army. 

Gen. Prevost defeats Ash at Brier Creek, '^^ and completes 
the subjugation of Georgia,^ (March 3). 

Monekton, a British officer, was killed in this battle. Molly Pitcher, seeing 
her husband fall while firing a cannon, took his place, and faithfully per- 
formed his duties. Congress, as a reward, gave her half-pay for life. 

'*'' Lord North's Conciliatory Bill proposed, in vague and general terms, 
that when any colony should offer to make provision for raising a sum of 
money (disposable by Parliament,) for the common defence, and should engage 
to provide for the support of the civil government and the administration of 
justice within its own limits, it would be proper to forbear the levy of any 
taxes or duties within such colony, except such as might be required for the 
regulating of trade. 

»S4 Wyoming, a valley lying on both sides of the Susquehanna River, in 
Luzerne County, Pa. The village is on the west side of the river, four miles 
below "VVilkesbarre. 

'" Rhode Island. — The city of Newport, which was besieged by Sullivan, 
August 15th, is in the island of Rhode Island (a part of the State of that 
name). The siege was raised on the 28th, and Sullivan retired to the northern 
part of the island, where the battle took place on the 29th. 

** Cherry Valley, Otsego County, N. Y., fifty-two miles west of Albany, and 
about fifteen miles south of the Mohawk River. 

"■' Savannah, a city and port of entry in Georgia, is on the right bank of 
the Savannah River, fifteen miles from its mouth. Population, 11,000 
"* Sunbury is on the northeast coast of Georgia. 
*** Brier Creek, a branch of the Savannah River, in Georgia. 



3^60-1820.] GEORGE III. 3t 

Stony '^° and Verplank's'^^ Points taken by Clinton and 
Yaugbn. 

(The garrisoa abandoned Stony Point *^° without resistance. May 31,) 

Expedition against Penobscot/^^ commanded by Loven and SaltonstaU, 
defeated by the British, under McLean and Colliers, July. 

Tryon's expedition against the towns of Connecticut/" 
(May- July). 

Gen. Wayne re-takes Stony Point/^° (July 15). 

Sullivan defeats the British and Indians at Chemung.'®^ 

(British commanded by Sir John Johnson and Brandt. Aug. 29. The Indians 
■were the " Six Nations,"* 

Paul Jones's Battle off Flamboro Head.'*^ Serapis, Capt. 
Pearson, captured by the Bon Homme Kichard, (Sept. 23). 

D'Estaing and Lincoln repulsed from Savannah^"- by Pre- 
vost. 

(Sergeant Jasper and Count Pulaski mortally wounded. Oct. 9.) 

England^ at war with Holland.^'' 

nsO. Sir Henry Clinton, commander at the south. 

Lincoln surrenders Charleston '^° to Clinton on capitulation. 

Lincoln and his troops, with a large number of citizens, were made prisoners. 
The citizens, and many soldiers, were set at liberty " on parole." 

Gates, commander-in-chief at the south. 

"^'' Stony Point, on the west side of the Hudson River, forty miles above 
New York. 

'*' Verplank's Point, on the east side of the Hudson, opposite Stony Point. 

'** Penobscot, the largest river in Maine, empties into the Atlantic Ocean 
through Penobscot Bay. The settlements were on the site of the present town 
of Castine. 

"'^ Chemung, or Tioga River, empties int@ the North Branch of the Susque- 
hanna, in Pennsylvania. The battle was fought at Elmira, in New York, 
near the boundary of Pennsylvania. 

*^* Flamboro Head, on the east coast of England, north of the Humber 
River. 

* Five Nations, called, by the French, Iroquois, possessed the central part of the 
present Stute of New York. They consisted of a confederacy of five tribes: Mohawks, 
Oneidas, Unondagas, Cayugas, and the Senecas. The great council-fire of the confede- 
racy was in the keeping of the Onondagas, and by them was always kept burning. 
From 1711 to 1713, the Tuscaroras, of North Carolina, were engaged in a war with the 
Colonies. Colonel Moore having seized their fort, and taken SOO prisoners, the re- 
mainder emigrated to New York, and joined the Five Nations, thus making the Six 
IS'atious. 



38 GEORGE III. [1760-1820. 

Massacre of Buford's regiment at Waxliaw '^^ by Tarleton. 

The British, under Knjphausen, defeated by Greene at 
Springfield/'' {June 23). 

Admiral Ternay's French fleet, and Rocharabeau, arrive. 

Col. Trumbull defeats Sumpter at Rocky Mt.''^ (July 30). 

Sumpter defeats the British, under Irwin, at Hanging 
Bock,"^ (Aug. 6). 

First battle of Camden.''^ Gates defeated by Cornwallis. 

(De Kalb killed. Aug. 16.) 

Tarleton defeats Sumpter at Fishing Creek, ''° and com- 
pletes the subjugation of South Carolina.'^ (Aug. 18.) 
Arnold turns traitor. Andre (an-dra,) executed as a spy. 
Ferguson defeated by Col. Campbell at King's Mountain. ^^' 

Ferguson slain, 1100 killed, or taken prisoners; 1500 stand of arms taken by 
the Americans. Loss of Americans, 20. 

Gen. Greene supersedes Gates, (Oct. 30). 
Sumpter defeats Wemyss at Broad River. "^ 

(Wemyss, sererely wounded, was taken prisoner, and allowed to go "to Charleston 
" on parole." Nov. 12.) 

Sumpter defeats Tarleton atBlackstocks,'" on the Tiger. '^* 

(Sumpter, the " Carolina Game-cock," wounded. Nov. 20.) 

"' Waxhaw Creek, in South Carolina, is an east branch of the Catawba, or 
Wateree River, north of Fishing Creek. 

"" Springfield, in Essex County, New Jersey, northwest of Elizabethtown. 

"■" Rocky Mountain is on the west bank of the Wateree or Catawba River^ 
near Fishing Creek, S. C. 

"® Hanging Rock, S. C, east of the Wateree River, thirty-five miles from 
Camden. 

"' Camden, S. C, on the east bank of the Wateree or Catawba River. The 
first battle took place near Sanders' Creek, and is sometimes called **the battle 
of Sanders' Creek." 

"" Fishing Creek, S. C, enters the Catawba River from the west, south of 
Waxhaw Creek. 

"' King's Mountain, in the southern part of North Carolina, east cf the 
Broad River. Lossing says : " The battle was fought in South Carolina, one 
and a half miles from the boundary." 

'■■* Broad River, S. C, east of the Saluda, with which it unites at Columbia, " 
and forms the Congaree River. 

"' Blackstocks is on the south bank of the Tiger River, a west branch of 
the Broad River. 

'■■* Tiger River is a western branch of Broad River. Blackstocks is on the 
southern bank, in the north-western part of South Carolina. 



1760-1820.] GEORGE III. 39 

1781. Articles of Confederation''^ adopted. 

Kevolt of American troops at Morristown.'"® 

Arnold and Phillips invade Virginia.^' (Jan.-Ajpril.) 

Battle of Cowpens,'"' South Carolina/^ 

(British, under Tarleton, defeated by Morgan. Jan. 17.) 

Pursuit of Morgan and Greene to Virginia.^' {Feb. 3-14.) 

Surprise of the British, under Pyle, at Haw and Deep Rivers,*" by Lee. 

Feb. 25. 

Battle of Guilford Court-house.''^ 

(Americans, under Greene, defeated by Cornwallis. March 15.) 

Second battle of Camden,'^^ or Hobkirk's Hill.'^ 

(Greene defeated by Lord Rawdon.) 

Greene drives the British from all the posts in South Caro- 
lina,^ except Charleston, '^'^ Ninety-Six,'^' and Augusta. '^^ 

Forts Watson,"^ Motte,'^" and Georgetown,*^* taken by the Americans. 

Col. Hayne executed on the charge of breaking his parole. 
Kew London '^ burned by Arnold. 

*""* The Articles of Confederation -was a league framed by the members of 
Congress, and approved by all the States, by which Congress was authorized 
to declare war, to conclude peace, contract alliances, and act as sovereign head 
to the nation. But it was totally inadequate to the national wants, giving 
no power to Congress to levy a tax upon the people, or provide for a public 
revenue, or enter into commercial treaties. 

'■"* Morristown, noted for having been the head-quarters of the American 
army in the sjjring of 1777 and 1780, is in New Jersey, thirty-two miles 
northwest of New York. The house occupied by General Washington, and 
an old fort, are still visible. 

'" Cowpens, near the northern boundary of South Carolina, in Spartanburg 
District, five miles south of Broad River. 

•■"^ Haw and Deep Rivers unite thirty miles southwest of Raleigh, N. C, 
and form the Cape Fear River. 

'■*' Guilford Court-house, now Greensboro, is in the northern part of North 
Carolina. 

''° Hobkirk's Hill, about eight miles north of Camden, S. C. 

"' Ninety-Six, in the north-western part of South Carolina, five miles south 
of the Saluda River. 

'^^ Augusta, a city in Georgia, on the Savannah River, 231 miles from its 
mouth. Population, 12,000. 

'*' Fort Watson, on the left bank of the Santee River, S, C. 

'** Fort Motte, on the right bank of the Congaree River, S. C. 

"' Georgetown is in South Carolina, on the Pedee River, near its mouth. 

•*• New London, a town on the west bank of the Thames River, in Con- 



40 CONGRESSIONAL GOVERNMENT. [1783-1789. 

Battle of Eutaw Springs.'" 

(Greene and Stuart ; indecisive. Sept. 8.) 

Siege of Yorktown.'^^ Cornwallis surrenders. 

(Charleston,"" Savannah,"'' and New York,'^' the only posts held by the British.) 

1782. Treaty with Holland.^* 

John Adams, John Jay, Dr. Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, 
and Henry Laurens, commissioners to negotiate peace. 

lYSS. Definitive Treaty of Peace with Great Britain,'* 
September 3d. 

American army disbanded,* November 3d. 
British evacuate New York,*'** November 25th. 

EVENTS BETWEEN 1783 AND 1789. 

1*786. Shay's Rebellion '^^ in Massachusetts."" 
Delegates from six States convene at Annapolis. '^° 
1181. Convention meets in Philadelphia^^ to adopt a form 
of government. 

Washington, President. Rhode Island ** the only State not represented. 

necticut, three miles from Long Island Sound. Fort Trumbull and Fort Gris- 
wold are a mile below the city. 

^^^ Eutaw Springs, S. C, a small stream that enters the Santee River from 
the south, fifty miles from Charleston. 

"* Yorktown is in Vii'ginia, on the south side of the mouth of York River. 
Gloucester is opposite. 

'*^ The causes of this rebellion were the heavy taxes, real difficulties, poverty 
and exhaustion of the country consequent upon the war, the want of a certain 
market, and the depression of domestic manufactures from foreign competi- 
tion. The people complained of the extortion of lawyers, the aristocratic 
character of the Senate, the high salary of the Governor, and the refusal to 
issue paper money. The rebels, headed by Shay, took Worcester. General 
Lincoln, with 4000 men, attacked them, and three of the rebels were killed. 
A large number were tried, fourteen were found guilty of treason, and con- 
demned to death, but were afterwards pardoned. 

'* Annapolis, the capital of Maryland, is on the Severn River, two miles 
from Chesapeake Bay. Population in 1850, 3000. 

* JS^aval Events.— At the commencement of the Revolution the Colonies had no navy. 
In 1775 and 1776, Congress ordered several vessels to be built, of which the largest was 
the Alfred. John Paul Jones was on board of this vessel as lieutenant. The first 
ensign ever hoisted was on board the Alfred, in 1775. The "stars and stripes" were 
not adopted until 1777. The first battle to)k place between the Alfred and the British 
chip Glasgow. The enemy escaped. The same year the American ship Lexington 
captured the British tender Edward. 



1789-1797.] TRBSIDENT WASHINGTON. 41 

1188. Ohio'^^ settled at Marietta '^^ by emigrants from the 
Eastern States. 

Constitution ratified by all the States, except North Caro- 
lina °^ and Rhode Island.^ 

EVENTS SUCCEEDING THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 

1189. First Congress under the new Constitution. 

(George Washington, President. John Adams, Vice President.) 

Cabixet — Alex. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; Thomas Jefferson, 
Secretary of State; Henry Knox, Secretary of War. Judiciary — Johu 
Jay, Chief Justice ; Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General. 

1190. Duties laid on tonnage, imported goods, and dis- 
tilled spirits, 

Hamilton's Funding System '^^ adopted. 

Harmer defeated by the Indians of Northwest Territory. '^- 

Death of Franklin. 

1791. Vermont "'^ admitted into the Union. 

United States Bank established at Philadelphia.^^ 

(Charter expired, 1811 ; re-chartered, 1816; expired, 1836.) 

United States Mint established at Philadelphia.^^ 

St. Clair defeated by the Indians of Northwest Territory.'^* 

1192. Kentucky'^ admitted into the Union. 

1193. Washington's second administration. 

John Adams, Vice President. Edmund Randolph, Secretary of State. 

*^' Ohio, one of the Western States, lies between the Ohio River and Lake 
Erie. It originally formed part of the Northwest Territory, ceded to the 
United States by Virginia in 1781. Ohio, though settled five years after the 
close of the Revolution, is now third in point of population and wealth, and 
first in the products of the soil. Ohio is a free State. 

**• Marietta, on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Muskingum, was settled 
by emigrants from New England, under General Putnam. Population, 4000. 

'^ The public foreign and domestic debt amounted to about $54,000,000, 
and that due by the States, $25,000,000. Hamilton proposed that the General 
Government should assume these debts, uniting them in a general fund, on 
Bome of which three per cent, interest should be paid, and six per cent, on the 
remainder. 

'®* Northwest Territory was all that territory between Pennsylvania and the 
Mississippi River, north of the Ohio River. It was ceded to the United States 
by Virginia, in 1781. By the Ordinance of 1787, slavery was forever excluded 
from its limits. 
I. — 4 



42 PRESIDENT WASHINGTON. [1789-1797. 

It93. Yellow fever in Philadelphia.^^ 
Revolution in France." Difficulties with Mr. Genet, the 
French Ambassador. 

It94. Whisky Insurrection'^^ in Pennsylvania."^ 
Wayne's victory on the Maumee.'^^ 

(The Indians of the ISorthwest Territory ^^* were completely subdued.) 

Great Britain' seizes American vessels, and impresses 
American seamen. 

Jay's Treaty '^^ with Great Britain.' 

1795. Treaties with Algiers, '^^ Spain,' and the Indians of 
the Northwest Territory. '^'' 

"' The "Whisky Insurrection" took place in consequence of the duty laid 
on distilled spirits and stills in 1790. To the inhabitants of Pennsylvania, 
west of the Alleghany Mountains, the law was particularly odious. Meetings 
were held, and a daring and criminal resistance was made to every attempt 
to collect the tax. Personal violence was offered to the officers, and at last it 
was found necessary to call out the militia in order to execute the law. A 
Dumber of the leaders were convicted of treason, but afterwards pardoned. 

** The battle was fought at the rapids, eighteen miles from the mouth of the 
Maumee River, on the site of the present town of Waynesfiekl. 

"'' Jay's Treaty with Great Britain provided for the evacuation of all the 
western posts still held by the British; compensation was to be made for 
illegal captures of American vessels ; the United States agreed to secure to 
British creditors the means of collecting debts contracted before the peace of 
1733; and, under certain restrictions, the United States were allowed to trade 
■with the Ea^t and West Indies. It was violently opposed by the Republican 
party, but favored by the Federalists, and was ratified in June, 1795. 

'** Algiers, or Algeria (al-geerz', or al-ge'-ri-a), one of the principal 
Barbary States, lies between Barbary and Tunis. In the sixteenth century 
the celebrated corsair, Barbarossa, took possession of Algiers, and for more 
than three centuries it continued the seat of Barbary piracy. At one time 
there were not less than 25,000 white slaves in the city of Algiers alone. 
Finding it in vain to attempt to subdue these pii-ates by force of arms, the 
Christian nations, to enable their subjects to traverse the seas in peace, gradu- 
ally resorted to the expedient of paying tribute to the Pasha, or Dey. The 
English were the first to chastise their insolence; and, in 1815, the Americans 
compelled the Dey to renounce all exactions, and pay an indemnity of 
$60,000. But it was not until 1816 that the English and Dutch bombarded 
the town, and entirely destroyed the fleet and arsenal; 1000 slaves were libe- 
rated, and the Dey was compelled to sign a treaty by which the abolition of 
slavery was eflFected. In 1830, Algiers was conquered by the French. 
Religion, Mohammedan. 



1797-1801.1 PRESIDENT ADAMS. 43 

The "Kentucky Remonstrance," demanding the use of 
the Mississippi River. 

1796. Tennessee"- admitted into the Union. 

Washington publishes his " Farewell Address." 

1T9Y. John Adams, President. Thomas Jefferson, Yice 
President. 

Cabinet — John Marshall and Timothy Pickering, Secretaries of State; Oliver 
Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury: James McHenry, Secretary of War ; 
Benjamin Stoddard, Secretary of the Navy; William Gushing, Chief 
Justice. 

Difficulties with France." "X. Y. Z." Letters. '^^ 

(The two Federalist Envoys, Marshall and Pinckney, ordered to leave France;*^ 
the Republican Envoy, Elbridge Gerry, allowed to remain.) 

1*798. "Alien and Sedition^" Acts" passed. 

Washington appointed Commander-in-chief. 

1199. L'Insurgent taken by the Constellation. 

Death of Washington, {Dec. 14). 

1800. Seat of Government removed to Washington.^* 

Treaty of Peace with France." 

(Napoleon, Eirst Consul ; Le Brun, Second ; Camhaceres, Third.) 

m it X. Y. Z. Letters." — In 1797, the French Government, then in the hands 
of the Directory, ordered the American Minister to quit France. Mr. Adams, 
unwilling to involve the United States in war, appointed three Envoys Extra- 
ordinary — Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry. On their arrival, they receired 
a number of letters, proposing that they should pay a large sum of money to 
those in power, in order to induce them to settle the difficulties amicably. 
These letters were signed "X. Y. Z.," and, it is believed, were written by the 
order of Talleyrand. 

^ The Alien Act authorized the President to compel aliens, or foreigners, 
whom he should deem dangerous to the safety of the country, to leave the 
United States on penalty of imprisonment. The Sedition Act imposed a 
heavy fine, and imprisonment for years, upon such as should combine or con- 
spire together to oppose any measure of the Government, or should write, 
utter, print, or publish, any thing scandalous or malicious against the 
Government of the United States, Congress, or the President. These laws 
were violently opposed by the Republicans ; and, by the large body of the 
people, were considered dangerous to liberty. 

*" Washington, the capital of the United States, is on the northeast, or left 
bank of the Potomac River, in the District of Columbia. The site was selected 
by Washington in 1790. Population in 1840, 23,000. 



44 PRESIDENT JEFFERSON. [1801-1809. 

1801. The " Midnight Judiciary "^02 established. 
Thomas Jefferson, President. Aaron Burr, Yiee President. 

(Jefferson [Republican.] elected by the House of Representatives.) 

Cabinet — James Madison, Robert Smith, and James Monroe, Secretaries of 
State; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury; Henry Dearborn, Secre- 
tary of War; Jacob Crowninshield, Secretary of the Navy; Wm. Pinckney, 
Attorney-General. 

Kepeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts.*^ 
Restoration of the Judiciary.^°^ 

The United States refuses to pay tribute to Tripoli,^°^ and 
Tripoli declares war. 

1802. Ohio'^' admitted into the Union. 

New Orleans^"'' closed against the United States. 

1803. Louisiana Territory^' purchased from France" for 
$15,000,000. 

^^ The "Midnight Judiciary" was so called because the Act reorganizing 
the Judiciary, and appointing sixteen new Judges, was passed on the last 
night of Mr. Adams's Administration. It was considered as another proof of 
the usurpation of power by the Federalist party, and was repealed by the 
Republicans as soon as they came in power, in consequence of Mr. Jefferson's 
election. 

^^ Tripoli, one of the Barbary States, lying between Tunis on the west, and 
Barca and the Lybian Desert on the east. It has considerable commerce. 

^* New Orleans is on the east bank of the Mississippi River, 105 miles from 
its mouth. It was settled by the French in 1717. Population in 1853, 
145,000. 

^°* Louisiana Territory. — In 1762, France ceded to Spain all her territory 
lying west of the Mississippi River, and the name of Louisiana became limited 
to this part of the Mississippi Valley. At the close of the war of the American 
Revolution, in 1783, Florida was ceded to Spain. Spain now held all North 
America, except British America, and the United States, bounded on the west 
by the Mississippi River, and on the south by Florida. The navigation of 
the Mississippi soon became a source of trouble between Spain and the 
United States ; and, in 1795, the boundary, the free navigation of the Missis- 
sippi, and the right of deposit in New Orleans, were agreed upon. Continual 
violations of the treaty taking place, in 1798 the United States prepared a 
force to descend the Mississippi River, and take New Orleans. Representa- 
tions being made to Spain of the infraction of the treaty, it was answered that 
Loiiisiana had been ceded to France in 1800. In 1803, France ceded it to 
the United States. The country has been explored by Lewis and Clarke 
(1804), Lieutenant Pike, Major Long, and many others. The northern 
boundary was settled by the treaty of 1819 with Great Britain — a lite drawn 



3801-1809.] PRESIDENT JEFFERSON. 45 

Commodore Preble sent to the Mediterranean.^ 
The Frigate Philadelphia, commanded bj Bainbridge, cap- 
tured by the Tripolitans. 

1804. Lieutenant Decatur re-captures and burns the 
Frigate Philadelphia. 

Alexander Hamilton killed in a duel by Aaron Burr. 

Napoleon crowned Emperor of France." 

1805. Jefferson's second Administration. George Clinton, 
Vice President. 

Americans, under Eaton, take Derne.^°'' 
Treaty of peace with Tripoli. ^°^ 

1806. Great Britain^ declares the coast of France," from 
Brest '°' to the Elbe,'°^ in a state of blockade, (3Iay 16). 

Berlin Decree^'" issued by Napoleon, declaring the British 
Isles ^ in a state of blockade. 

on tbe 49th parallel of latitude, from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Moun- 
tains ; the boundary between it and Mexico, settled by the treaty with Spain 
in 1819, is from the Sabine to the Red River, thence along the Red River to 
100° of longitude west from Greenwich, north to the Arkansas River, which 
it follows to the 42d parallel of latitude, and thence westward to the South 
Sea. The territory west of the Rocky Mountains seems rather to belong to 
the United States by priority of discovery, than as a part of the Louisiana 
purchase. 

** Mediterranean Sea (from medius, the middle; and terra, the earth,) was 
so called by the ancients on account of its lying between Europe, Africa, 
Asia, and the Atlantic Ocean — the then known parts of the earth. Notwith- 
standing the immense mass of water which it receives from the rivers emp- 
tying into it, its surface is lower than that of the ocean — the current from 
the ocean to the sea flows at the rate of 3 to 6 miles per hour. Many theories 
have been advocated as the cause of this phenomenon, but the correct one is 
probably that the evaporation by the hot winds of Africa continually lowers its 
surface. 

^'' Derne (ancient Darnis), a seaport of Northern Africa, under the domi- 
nion of Tripoli. It was one of the cities of Pentapolis. 

■■^ Brest, on the northern shore of a small gulf called the Road of Brest, in 
the north-western part of France. It is one of the first naval ports of Europe. 
Population in 1852, 51,000. 

^*"' Elbe, a river in Germany, emptying into the North Sea, between Han- 
over and Denmark. 

^^ The "Berlin Decree" prohibited all commerce, intercourse. And corre- 
spondence with Great Britain. Every Englishman found in Franco, or iu a 
4* 



46 PRESIDENT JEFFERSON. [1S01-1S09. 

180Y. Aaron Burr tried for treason, and acquitted. 
Commencement of steam navigation. ^^' 
American frigate Chesapeake (Com. Barron,) attacked by 
the Leopard, (Humphreys). 

(The Chesapeake had three kiUed and eighteen -wounded. The four men, claimed 
by the British as deserters, were given up.) 

"Orders in Council "^'^ issued. 

Milan Decree^'Mssued, (i)ec.). 

Congress lays an Embargo on American ships, (Dec. 22). 

1808. Foreign slave trade ceased. 

(See Constitution of the tTnited States, Art. I., Sec 9th, clause 1st.) 

country occupied by French troops, was a prisoner of vrar, and all property 
belonging to Englishmen a fair prize. No vessel coming from an English 
port was to be admitted into any harbor, and all vessels avoiding the Edict 
by false declarations were confiscated. Berlin, on the Spr%p, a branch of the 
Elbe, is the capital of Prussia, and, next to Yiennna, the largest city of Ger- 
many. Population, 450,000. 

°^* To the United States belongs the honor of originating the first successful 
steamboat. Kumsey and Fitch attempted to construct steamboats in 1783, 
and actually exhibited their models in "Washington. In 1790, Fitch ran a 
passenger-boat, on the Delaware River, from Philadelphia to Burlington.* 
In 1807, Fulton, having already constructed a boat in Paris that would run at 
the rate of four miles an hour, built one on the Hudson River that was entirely 
successful. Steamboats were not introduced into Great Britain until 1812. 

^^ "Orders in Council" are orders issued by the king, by and with the 
advice of the Privy Council. The first " Orders in Council" of 1807, prohibited 
any neutral ti-ade with France or her aUies, unless through Great Britain. 
All neutral vessels, whatever their cargoes, bound to any port of France or 
her allies, were required, under pain of capture, to touch at some British port, 
pay exportation duties, and receive a license to trade on the continent. 

*^^ The "Milan Decree" declared that every vessel which had been searched 
by an English vessel, or had paid duty to England, or had sailed from any 
country occupied by England, or was destined to any such port, should be a 
lawful prize. In consequence of these decrees, aU colonial produce rose to an 
enormous price, and a regular smuggling trade was carried on. At Heligo- 
land, such was the crowd of persons concerned in this business, that a ducat 
was paid for a barrel to sleep in. Thousands of substitutes were invented for 
coffee and sugar, and a variety of manufactures grew up on the continent, 
which were the germs of very extensive and profitable branches of industry. 
Milan, the largest city of Austrian Italy, is in a beautiful and fertile valley, 
between the Adda and Ticino. Population, 161,000. 

* See Catalogue of In\cii'dcns, page S3. 



1809-1S17.] PEESIDENT MADISON. 4*7 

1809. James Madisou, President. George Clinton, Vice 
President. 

Cabi>^et — Eotert Smith. Secretary of State; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of 
the Treasury; ^Villiam Evistis, Secretary of War; Paul Hamilton, Secre- 
tary of the Navy; ^A'illiam Pinckney, Attorney General. 

The British Minister promises the repeal of the injurious 
decrees. 

Embargo law repealed, {April 19). 

Non-iutercourse again proclaimed, {Aug. 10). 

Mr. Jackson succeeds Mr. Erskine. Mr. Jackson dismissed. 

1810. Napoleon issues a decree from Rambouillet,'^** injurious to American 
commerce, but repeals it the same year, when commercial intercourse 
between France *' and the United States was renewed. 

1811. Oregon''^ settled at Astoria''^ by emigrants from 
New York.3' 

American fdgate President (Com. Rogers,) attacked by 
the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, (Bingham). 

Battle of Tippecanoe.'^'' General Harrison defeats the 
Indians. 

George III. insane, and the Prince of Wales becomes Prince Regent. 

1812. Louisiana'^ admitted into the Union. 
Death of George Clinton, Yice President. 

THREE YEARS' WAR; OR, THE WAR OF 1812, 1812-1815. 

Congress lays an Embargo for ninety days. 
War with England^ declared, {June 18). 

"Orders in Council"**'* revoked. 

*" Rambouillet (romb-wee-ya'), a town in France, seventeen miles southwest 
of Versailles. 

315 Oregon Territory, bounded on the north by Washington Territory, which 
it lately included, is the most western territory of the United States. Captain 
Gray, in the ship Columbia, visited the Columbia River in 1791, and named 
it after his vessel. In 1804, Jefferson sent out an expedition, commanded by 
Lewis and Clarke. In addition to the right obtained by exploration, the 
United States claimed it as being ours by the Louisiana purchase. The 
boundary was settled in 1846 {q.v., note 265). Oregon applied for admission 
in 1855. 

^^^ Astoria, about ten miles from the mouth of the Columbia River, was 
named in honor of John Jacob Astor. It has a Custom-house. 

'" The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought near the west bank of the Tippe- 
canoe River, at its junction with the Wabash. 



48 PRESIDENT MADISON. [1809-1817. 

General Dearborn, Commander-in-chief. 
General Hull invades Canada/^ {July 12), but abandons 
the expedition, {Aug. 1). 
Battle of Brownstown.^'^ 

(British defeat the Americans uuder Major Van Home, while conyeying supplies to 
General Uull.) 

Hull surrenders Michigan ^^ to General Brock, {Aug. 16) 

Mackinaw '^'^ surrendered, July 17. 

General Yan Renselaer invades Canada ^^ by the Niagara 
frontier. 

Battle of Queenstown.220 

(Brock defeats Yan Kenselaer. Brock killed, Oct. 13.) 

NAVAL BATTLES, 1812. 

British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, (Com. Porter). 

British frigate Guerriere (Dacres,) taken by the Constitu- 
tion, (Hull, Aug. 19). 

British brig Frolic (Whinyates,) taken by the sloop Wasp, 
(Jones, Oct. 18). 

(Both captured by the Poictier, Oct. 18.) 

British frigate Macedonian (Garden,) taken by the United 
States, (Decatur, Oct. 25). 

British frigate Java (Lambert,) taken by the Constitution, 
(Bainbridge, Dec. 29). 

1813. Madison's second Administration. Elbridge Gerry, 
Yice President. 

Proposals for peace. 

(Commissioners — Adams, Gallatin, Bayard.) 

Wm. II. Harrison, Commander of the Western army; Gen. Dearborn, 
of the Centre; and Hampton, of the Northern. Sir George Prevost, 
Commander of the British. 

*'* Brownstown is situated north of the Huron River, in Michigan, twenty 
niilcs south of Detroit. 

^" Mackinaw (sometimes called Mackinac, and MichUimackinac), a village 
on an island of the same name in Lake Huron, 320 miles from Detroit. 

"^ Queenstown, a river port in Canada West, on the Niagara Kiver, five 
miles from the Falls. 



1809-1817.] PRESIDENT MADISON. 49 

British, under Proctor, defeat Gen. Winchester at French- 
tovvn,^"' {Jan. 22). 

Americans, under Dearborn, take York,^^ Upper Canada." 

(General Pike was mortallj' wounded. British Com., Sheaffe. April 27.) 

Fort Meigs,^-' on the rapids of the Maumee River,'^ besieged 
by Proctor, {May 1). 

Fort George ^^'^ taken by American forces from Sackett's 
Harbor. ^25 

Prevost attacks Sackett's Harbor ^^ during the absence of 
the garrison, and is repulsed by the militia under Brown. 

Ravages of the British in Chesapeake Bay, {May). 

Sandusky ^^^ gallantly defended by Major Croghan, {Aug. 2). 

Creek War commenced by the massacre at Fort Mimms.^ 

Perry's victory on Lake Erie,^^^' {Sept. 10). 

(Amer. Com., Perry ; British, Barclay.) 

Battle of the Thames.^^^ Americans, under Harrison, defeat 
Proctor, {Oct. 5). 

(Colonel Richard M. Johnson was wounded. Tecumseh, killed.) 

Battles of Talladega,'='° Attosse,"''' and Emucfau.'^'^ 

^^ Frenchtown, on the north side of the Kaisin River, in Michigan, imme- 
diately opposite the present town of Munroe. 

^^ York (now Toronto,) is on Lake Ontario, in Canada West. 

°^ Fort Meigs was near Perrysburg,. in Ohio. 

^^ Fort George, in Canada, at the mouth of the Niagara Eiver, one mile 
from Lake Ontario. 

^^ Sackett's Harbor, a port of entry, is on the southern shore of Black River 
Bay, eight miles east of Lake Ontario, in New York. Stony Creek, Canada, 
west of the Niagara River. 

^ Sandusky, a port of entry, is delightfully situated on Sandusky Bay, 
three mUes from Lake Erie. Population, 10,000. 

^■' Fort Mimms, in Alabama, on the east side of the Alabama River, ten 
miles from its junction with the Tombigbee. 

^ Lake Erie, one of the five great lakes drained by the St. Lawrence, lies 
north of Ohio. Its depth is less than any in the chain ; its shallowness being 
a serious impediment to navigation, which is entirely suspended during the 
winter months, on account of the shoal water being frozen. 

^^ Thames River, in Canada West, empties into Lake St. Clair. The 
"Battle of the Thames" was fought near the "Moravian Village." 

^^ Talladega (tal-la-de'-ga,) was east of the Coosa, in Talladega Co., Ala. 

'^' Attosse was on the south bank of the Tallapoosa River, in Alabama. 

'^ Emucfau was on the west bank of the Tallapoosa River, Alabama. 



60 PRESIDENT MADISON. [1809-1817. 

NAVAL BATTLES. 

British brig Peacock (Peake), taken by the Hornet, (Law- 
rence, Feb. 24). 

American frigate Chesapeake (Lawrence), taken by the 
Shannon, (Broke, June 1). 

American brig Argus (Allen), taken by the Pelican, 
(Maples, Aug. 14). 

British brig Boxer (Blythe), taken by the Enterprise, 
(Burrows, Sept. 5). 

British squadron (Barclay), on Lake Erie, taken by Com- 
modore Perry. 

1814. Creek War ended by the battle of Tohopeka.^^'^* 

Peace between England'* and France," and a large number of British 

troops sent over. 
Napoleon abdicates, and becomes sovereign of Elba.'*^* 

Generals Scott and Ripley invade Canada.^' 

(Fort Erie 235 captured, July 3.) 

Battle of Chippewa.236 

Battle of Bridge water, or Lundy's Lane,^' {July 25). 

The Americans abandon Fort Erie,'^''* cross the Niagara River, and go 
into winter-quarters at BufFalo,'^^^ in December. 

British take Bladensburg^''^ and Washington, ^^' {^ug. 24). 
McDonough's victory on Lake Champlain,"^ {Sept. 11). 

(Prevost retreats. Commodore Downie, a British officer, killed.) 

^^ Tohopeka, or Horse-shoe Bend, is on the Tallapoosa River, near the 
northeast corner of Tallapoosa County, Alabama. 

"^ Elba, the largest island of Tuscany, is in the Mediterranean Sea. It was 
erected into a sovereignty for Napoleon, who resided in it from May 3d, 1814-, 
to Feb. 26th, 1815. 

*'* Fort Erie was at the source of the Niagara River, near Lake Erie, in 
Canada West. Fort George was at the mouth of the river. 

** Chippewa (chip'-e-way), a village and port of entry in Canada West, at 
the confluence of the Chippewa and Niagara, above the Falls. 

^■' Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewater, is in Canada, half a mile northwest from 
Niagara Falls. 

^^* Buffalo, a port of entry at the eastern extremity of Lake Erie, N.Y. 
Population in 1854, 80,000. 

*'* Bladensburg is in Maryland, six miles northeast from Washington. 



1809-1817.] PRESIDENT MADISON. 51 

British, under General Ross, defeated at Nortli Point ^''° 
and Fort McHenry,^^' (Sej^L 12). 
Treaty of peace at Ghent. ^^' 

(American Commissioners — Adams, Gallatin, and Bayard, in 1813; Clay and Ruspel, 
in 1814. British Commissioners — Admiral Lord Gambler, Henry Gouldborn, and Wil- 
liam Adams.) 

Death of the Vice President, Elbridge Gerry, Nov. 29. 

Hartford^'''' Convention (held by the Federalists, Dec. 15). 

NAVAL BATTLES. 

American frigate Essex (Porter,) taken by the Phoebe 
(Hillyer,) and Cherub (Tucker). 3Iarch 28. 

American sloop Frolic (Bainbridge,) taken by the brig 
Orpheus (Pigot). April 21. 

British brig Epervier (Wales,) taken by the American 
sloop Peacock (Warrington). April 29. 

British sloop Avon (Arbuthnot,) taken by the American 
sloop Wasp (Blakely). SejJt. 1. 

British squadron on Lake Champlain'^^ (Com. Downie,) 
defeated by Commodore McDonough. Sept. 11. 

1815. Battle of New Orleans.'^* 

(American General. Jackson ; British, Packenham. Jan. 8.) 

The British Generals, Packenham, Keeue, and Gibhs, were killed. 
British loss — 2000 killed and w ounded. American — six killed and 
seven wounded. 

British vessels Cyane (Falcon,) and Levant (Douglass,) 
taken by the Constitution (Stewart). Feb. 20. 

**° North Point is at the mouth of the Patapsco River, fourteen miles from 
Baltimore. 

'*** Fort McHenry is on the west side of the entrance to Baltimore, two miles 
below the city. 

''^ Ghent is in Belgium, thirty-one miles northwest of Brussels. Population, 
112,410. 

^'^ Hartford, one of the capitals of Connecticut, on the Connecticut River, 
50 miles from Long Island Sound, and 112 miles from New York. Previous 
to its settlement by the English in 1635, the Dutch had built a fort in the 
southeast part of the city. It was during the attempt of Andross, in 1637, to 
establish his authority over Connecticut, that the charter was hid in an oak 
tree, still called ''Charter Oak." This tree was bluwu down in 1857. 



52 PRESIDENT MONROE. [1817-182S, 

Treaty of peace ratified, Feb. lY. 

War declared with Algiers ;'^^ Commodore Decatur sent 
there. 

(The Americans refuse to pay tribute.) 

Commodore Decatur compels the Dey to sign a treaty of 
peace at the city of Algiers. ^^"^ 

Massacre of the American prisoners at Dartmoor.^''^ 
1816. Indiana^'' {free State,) admitted into the Union. 
United States Bank re-chartered for twenty years. 

(Charter expired in 1811.) 

Duties laid on imported goods. 

181t. Mississippi^^ {slave State,) admitted into the Union. 
James Monroe, President. Daniel D. Tompkins, Yice 
Pi'esident. 

Cabinet — John Q. Adams, Secretary of State ; Wm. H. Crawford, Secretary 
of the Treasury; John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War; Smith Thompson, 
Secretary of the Navy; William Wirt, Attorney-General. 

1818. Illinois^' (free State,) admitted into the Union. 
Hostilities commence with the Seminoles and Creeks in 

Georgia ^^ and Florida.^ 

General Jackson sent to the assistance of General Gaines. 

Arbuthnot and Ambrister executed. 
Pensacola^''^ taken by General Jackson. 

(Spanish authorities sent to Ilavana.^*'') 

1819. Alabama ^^ (slave State,) admitted into the Union. 

^* Algiers will probably bo one of the handsomest cities on the Mediterra- 
nean Sea, Its commerce is of great importance, it being the entrepot of four- 
fifths of the trade with Europe. Steam vessels leave for Toulon and Marseilles 
three times a month, performing the voyage in fifty hours j vessels run also to 
many of the towns in Africa. Population, 94,000. 

^*^ Dartmoor is a table-land in the southern part of Devonshire, in England. 
During the war of 1812, extensive barracks for prisons were erected, where 
American prisoners were confined. On a supposed mutiny occurring in 1815, 
the soldiery fired on the prisoners, killing great numbers. 

^ Pensacola, a port of entry on Pensacola Bay, in Florida. Population in 
1850, 21G1. 

^" Havana is on the northwest coast of Cuba. (Inhabitant, Havanese.) 
Population, 134,000. 



IS25-1829.] PRESIDENT J. Q. ADAMS. 53 

Treaty with Spain ^ for the cession of Florida.^ 

(John Q. Adams, American Commissioner ; Don Onis, Spanish. Spain • retains 

Treaty with G reat Britain ' regarding the fisheries of New- 
foundland/^ and settling the boundaries from Lake of the 
Woods''^ to the Rocky Mountains.''^ 

1820. Maine "^ {free State,) admitted into the Union. 

Commodore Decatur killed in a duel with Commodore Barron. 

1821. Missouri®^ {slave State,) admitted into the Union. 

" Missouri Compromise " ^'^ adopted, prohibiting slavery in all t-erritory 
(except the State of Missouri,*') west of the Mississippi River,** and 
north of 36° 30'. 

1824. Lafayette visits the United States. 

1825. John Q. Adams, President. J. C. Calhoun, Vice 
President. 

John Q. Adams was elected by the House cf Representativea. 

Cabinet — Henry Clay, Secretary of State; Richard Rush. Secretary of the 

Treasury; James Earbour, Secretary of War ; S. L. Southard, Secretary 

of the Kavy. 

1826. Death of the two Ex-Presidents, John Adams and 
Thomas Jefferson, July 4. 

Abduction of Morgan. 

182t. First railroad finished in the United States {at 
Quincy,^^^ Massachusetts,'^'^ four miles long). 
1828. Duties on imported goods increased. 

^ Lake of the Woods is in British America, Lat. 49°, Lon. 95° W. 

^^ Rocky Mountains (called also the Chip-pe-wa-an), a chain in the central 
and northern part of North America, commencing in New Mexico, near Fort 
Webster, extends throughout the northern part of the continent to the Polar 
Sea. In Central America, the range takes the name of the Cordilleras, and 
the Andes in South America. 

^5° The "Missouri Compromise." — When Missouri applied for admission into 
the Union, a discussion arose as to whether it should be admitted with slavery. 
A compromise was finally decided upon : the North allowed Missouri to be 
admitted with slavery, and the South consented that slavery should be forever 
excluded in all the Louisiana Territory north of the southern boundary of 
Missouri, 36° 30'. 

^^ Quincy, a village eight miles south of Boston, celebrated for its quarries 
of granite, known as Quincy granite. It is the birthplace of John Hancock, 
Josiah Quincy, Jr., and the two Adamses. Population in 1850, 5000. 
L — 5 



54 PRESIDENT JACKSON. [1829-1837. 

1829. Andrew Jackson, President. J. C. Calhoun, Vice 
President. 

Cabinet — Martin Yan Buren, Secretary of State ; S. D. Ingham, SecretiTy 
of the Treasury; J. H. Eaton, Secretary of War. J. Branch, Secretary 
of the Navy ; John McPherson Berrien, Attorney-General. 

1831. Death of James Monroe, July 4. 

1832. Black Hawk's War.'^^ 

(Sacs [sauks]. Foxes, and Winnebagoes, subdued by General Scott.) 

Bill re-chartering the Bank of the United States vetoed by 

the President. 

Nullification of the Tariff laws'^^' in South Carolina.'" 
Clay's Compromised^' providing a gradual reduction of 

duties. 

1833. Cholera visits the United States. 

lowa^^^ settled at Burlington by emigrants from N. England. 

='^ Black Hawk's War. — Under the noted Chief, Black Hawk, the Indians 
of Wisconsin Territory commenced hostilities against the settlers in Wisconsin 
and the adjoining States. General Scott was sent against them, and after 
many skirmishes, Black Hawk was captured, and the Indians were compelled 
to remove to Indian Territory. 

^'^ Tariflf Law and Clay's Compromise. — In 1816, duties were laid on im- 
ported goods; in 1828, these duties were increased; and in 1832, a "Tariff 
BUI," imposing additional duties on foreign goods, was passed by Congress. 
These laws were supposed to favor the mannfactiirera, (residing principally in 
the North,) by increasing the price of foreign goods imported into this 
country, thus enabling him to sell as cheap if not cheaper than the foreign 
manufacturer; and to injure the planter, by increasing the cost of foreign 
articles, thus diminishing the amount which he would receive in exchange 
for the cotton, sugar, &c., of the South. Great opposition was exhibited by 
many of the Southern States to these laws. South Carolina, who has ever 
maintained the most ultra doctrine on the question of " States' Rights," held 
a State Convention, and openly nullified the law, by declaring that the duties 
should not be paid, and if the United States attempted to enforce the laws, 
she woold withdraw from the Union, and establish an independent govern- 
ment. The prompt and determined measures of President Jackson compelled 
South Carolina to submit to the laws. In 1832, Henry Clay brought forward 
his second "Compromise Bill," providing for a gradual reduction of duties 
until 1842, when they were to sink to twenty per cent. 

^^* Iowa (i-o-wa), one of the Western States, was formed out of the Louisi- 
ana Territory. It lies between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. It ia 
rich in minerals, lead, zinc, copper, and bituminous coal. The staples are 
Indian corn, wheat, and live stock. It is a free State by the Missouri Com- 
promise, {q. v.). 



1837-1841.] PRESIDENT VAN BUREIT. 55 

Removal of the deposits' {U. S. funds,) from the United 
States Bank to the State banks. 

(Wm. J. Duane, Secretary of the Treasury, dismissed from office for refusing to 
remove the deposits. Roger B. Taney appointed in his place.) 

1835. War apprehended with France." 
Spoliation Bill paid by France." 

(25,000,000 francs for spoliations on our commerce during the wars of Napoleon.) 

Great fire in New York.'^^ 

Seminole War in Florida.^ 

A party, under General Dade, massacred by the Indians. 

Battle of the Withlacoochee.''^ 

(General Clinch defeated. Dec. 31.) 

National debt extinguished. 

1835 to 1831. Great mania for land speculation. 

1836. '' Specie Circular" issued. 

(It ] rovided that all moneys paid to the Government should be in specie.) 

Arkansas '° (slave State,) admitted into the Union. 

Death of James Madison. 

Second battle of the Withlacoochee.^^^ 

(General Gaines defeats the Indians. Feb. 29.) 

183t. Martin Yan Buren, President. R. M. Johnson, 
Yice President. 

Cabinet— John Forsyth, Secretary of State ; Levi Woodbury, Secretary of 
the Treasury; J. R. Poinsett. Secretary of War; J. K. Paulding, Secretary 
of the Navy; Amos Kendall, Postmaster-General. 

Surplus revenue distributed among the States, according 
to the ''Distribution Bill." 

Michigan^® (free State,) admitted into the Union. 

Great money pressure. 

Extra session of Congress. 

Banks suspend specie payments, (3Iay 10). 

Osceola captured by General Jessup. 

1838. Canadians revolt, and are aided by the Americans. 

(The President issues a proclamation of neutrality.) 

Banks resume specie payment, (Aug. 1.3). 

Exploring Expedition sets out under Lieutenant Wilkes. 

'" Withlacoochee River enters the Gulf of Mexico, 95 miles north of Tampa 
Baj; Florida. 



56* PRESIDENTS HARRISON — TYLER. [1841-1845. 

1840. " Sub -treasury, "^^^ or "Independent Treasury Bill," 
passed. {Repealed in IM\ .) 

1841. Wm. H. Harrison, President. John Tyler, Yice 
President. 

Cabinet — Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; Thomas Ewing, Secretary 
of the Treasury; John Bell, Secretary of War; George Badger, Secretary 
of the Navy ; J. J. Crittenden, Attorney -General. 

Death of Wm. H. Harrison. John Tyler, President. 
Extra session of Congress. 

Sub-treasury Bill"^ repealed. {Passed in 1840.) 
Two bills, re-chartering the Bank of the United States, 
vetoed by the President. 

1842. North-eastern Boundary ^^^ Question settled. 

(American Commissioner, Daniel Webster ; English Com., Lord Ashburton.) 

Difficulties in Rhode Island ^^ concerning the adoption of a 
Constitution. 

Exploring Expedition returns, having discovered the 
Antarctic Continent.'^' {Set out in 1838.) 

1844. Explosion of the Peacemaker on board the steamer 
Princeton. 

(Abel P. Upshur, Secretary of State, and Thomas W. Gilmer, Secretary of the Nayy, 
■were killed.) 

1845. Joint resolutions, ^^^ for the annexation of Texas,'^ 
adopted, {Jan.). 

(The Mexican Minister, Almonte [al-mon-ta'], protests against the annexation of 
Texas,™ and demands his passports.) 

^* The Sub-treasury, or Independent Treasury Bill, provided for the col- 
lection, safe keeping, transfer, and disbursement of the public funds, without 
any dependence upon the banks. This bill was rejected by the House of 
Representatives in 1837, became a law in 1840, repealed in 1841, and passed 
again in 1846. 

°*'' The North-eastern Boundary, or the boundary between Maine and 
Canada, was a subject of contention for many years, and at one time threat- 
ened an appeal to arms. The United States claimed the Highlands as the 
dividing line ; the British, a line running across the State, in almost 46° N. L. 

^^ The Exploring Expedition coasted along the shores of the Antarctic 
Continent, a little north of the Antarctic Circle. Captain Ross reached land 
as far south as 78° 10' South Latitude. 

°^ Joint Resolutions are resolutions passed jointly by the Senate and House 
of Representatives. 



1845-1849.] PRESIDENT POLK. 5Y 

James K. Polk President. G. M. Dallas, Vice President. 

Cabinet — J»mes Buchanan, Secretary of State; Robert J.Walker, Secre- 
tary of the Treasury; William L. Marry, Secretary of War; George Ban- 
croft, Secretary of the Navy; Cave Johnson, rostmaster-General. 

Texas'^ accepts the joint resolutions,^^^ and thus becomes 
United States territory. 

General Taylor sent to Corpus Christi^^Ho defend Texas. "^^ 

Texas'^ and Florida^ (slave States,) admitted into the 
Union. 

1846. lowa^^^ (free State,) admitted into the Union. 

Bills passed — Sub-treasury ^^^ Bill, Warehousing^®^ Bill, 
and the bill establishing the Smithsonian Institute. ^^^ 

Tariff Law of 1842 repealed. 

British abolish their Corn Laws.^^' 

^^ Corpus Christi is at the mouth of the Nueces River, Texas, 100 miles 
from the Rio Grande. 

"^' The Warehousing Bill provided that goods imported into the country, 
subject to duty, might be placed under bonds, in warehouses provided for the 
purpose, where they could remain for one year without having paid the duty. 
Should it be more profitable to the importer to sell the goods in some other 
country, they could be re-shipped without having paid duty. These ware- 
houses are sometimes called '' Bonded Warehouses." 

■^'^ Smithsonian Institute. — James Smithson, of England, left his entire 
property to the United States, to found, at Washington, an institution which 
should bear his name, and have for its objects the increase and diffusion of 
knowledge. The trust was accepted by the Government, and an act passed, 
August 10, 1846, organizing ''The Smithsonian Institution for the Increase and 
Diffusion of Knowledge among 3fen." The endowment consists of the original 
sum, $515,169, received Sept. 1, 1838, which is to remain for ever as a perma- 
nent fund. The interest of this amount to 1846, when, by Act of Congress, 
the funds were placed in the hands of the Board of Regents, was $242,129 ; 
which sum, with all accruing future interest, is to be expended in the building, 
and the current expenses of the Institution. The entire income is to be 
divided into two equal parts, one of which is to be devoted to the increase 
and diffusion of knowledge by means of original research and publications; 
and the other, to the gradual formation of a library, a museum, and a gallery 
of art. 

^^ Ccrn Laws. — In Great Britain, the term "corn" is generally applied to 
wheat, rye, oats, and barley. Simultaneously with the extension of "free 
trade " principles in the United States, Great Britain abolished the duties on 
the importation of grain, and thus opened a profitable market for American 
produce. 



58 PRESIDENT POLK. [1845-1849. 

Wilmot ProTiso'^* defeated. 

North-western Boundary ^^^ settled. 

(American Commissioner, James Buchanan; British, Packenham.) 

General Taylor removes to Point Isabel. ^^^ 
General Taylor moves up the Kio Graude,^^^ and builds 
Fort Brown, 2*^' 

Battle of Palo Alto.'^^^ 

(General Taylor defeats the Mexicans, May 8. Major Pvinggold was killed.) 

Gattle of Kesaca de la Palma.^'° 

(Taylor defeats the Mexicans, May 9. Gen. La Tega taken prisoner.) 

War declared between the U. States and Mexico,'" {Mmj 1 3). 
Taylor crosses the Kio Grande,^" and takes Matamoras.-'' 

^^ Wilmot Proviso. — In 1846, David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, proposed a 
bUl providing that the terms of the "Missouri Compromise" should apply to 
all territory that might be procured by purchase or conquest from Mexico. 
It passed the House, but was lost in the Senate. 

^^ In President Tyler's Administration, a dispute arose as to the northern 
limit of Oregon Territory; the British claiming as far south as 49° N. Lat., — 
the United States, as far north as 54° 40' N. L. In the Presidential election 
of 1844 this was one of the most exciting topics, and the party cry of 
" Fifty -four forty, or fight!" sufiiciently indicates the feeling that existed. In 
1846, Lord Packenham was appointed Commissioner by England, and James 
Buchanan by the United States, to settle the difficulty, and 49° N. Lat., with 
the Straits of Juan de Fuca, was determined on as the boundary. 

"^^ Point Isabel (iz'-a-bel), a port of entry in Texas, on a point of land oppo- 
site Brazos Santiago, thirty miles northeast of Brownsville. 

*'' Eio Grande del Norte (re-o gran-da del nor-td, or ri-o grand), a river 
which forms the boundary between the Unite-d States and Mexico. It is very 
shallow, though small steamers have ascended 450 miles from its mouth, at 
the Gulf of Mexico. 

"^^ Fort Brown, now Brownsville, a thriving post-town in Texas, on the Rio 
Grande, forty miles from its mouth. Its trade is very important; the exports, 
in 1852, were estimated at $5,000,000. It contains a Custom-house, as well 
as one or two printing-offices, and was named in honor of Major Brown, who 
was killed during the bombardment. May 6th, 1846. Population, 5000. 

"^' Palo Alto (pd,-lo al'-to,) is in Texas, nine miles northeast of Matamoras. 

^''° Resaca de la Palma (ra-s£-kd da 1^ pd-md,) is in Texas, four miles north 
of Matamoras. 

'*''* Matamoras, or Matamoros (mat-a-m6-ras), a river post-town on the Rio 
Grande, forty miles from the Gulf of Mexico. Exports — specie, hides, wool, 
and horses. Imports — manufactured goods from Great Britain and the 
United States. 



1845-1849.] PRESIDENT POLK. 59 

General Taylor takes Monterey,^''^ {Sept. 24). 
Monterey,^''' in California,"" taken by Cora. Sloat. 
Santa Fe^^ taken by Gen. Kearney, (Aug. 18) 
Tanipico^'' taken by Com. Connor, (Nov. 14). 
1847. Wisconsin ^^ (free State,) admitted into the Union. 
Battle of Buena Yista/"'' (Feb. 22). 

(General Taylor defeats the Mexicans under Santa Anna.) 

General Scott takes Yera Cruz,"^ (3Tarch 21). 
Battle of Cerro Gordo,"' (Aj^ril 18). 

(American Generals, Scott and Twiggs; Mexican, Santa Anna.) 

Americans, under Worth, enter La Puebla,"^ (3Iay 15). 



^"■^ Monterey {" king's mountain"), the capital of New Leon, 85 miles north- 
east of Saltillo, is the most important place in North Mexico. Population, 
12,000. 

^" Monterey (mon-ta-ray'), a port of entry in California, is on Monterey 
Bay. 94 miles southeast of San Francisco. 

"'* Upper California comprises the present State of California and the Terri- 
tories of New Mexico and Utah. 

^■^ Tampico (tam-pee'-ko), a seaport of Mexico, on the shore of Lake Tam- 
pico, 215 miles northwest of Vera Cruz. 

^""^ Buena Vista (bwa'-na vees'-ta, or bo'-na vis'-ta; literally, "good, or fine 
view"), in Mexico, 90 miles southwest from Monterey, and ten from Saltillo. 
The battle is sometimes called the " Battle of La Angostura." 

^"''' Vera Cruz (va'-ra krooz — " the true cross,") is a seaport in Mexico, on 
the Gulf, 185 miles east of the city of Mexico. It is defended by the strong 
castle of San Juan d'UUoa (san ju-an', or hoo-an', da oo-loo'-a), built on an 
island half a mile from the shore. In commerce. Vera Cruz ranks fourth in 
the Mexican Confederation. Exports -r- bullion, cochineal, sugar, flour, indigo, 
vanilla, logwood, and pimento. Imports — woven fabrics, cocoa, paper, brandy, 
wines, and metals. Population, 8228. 

^''^ Cerro Gordo is 60 miles northwest of Vera Cruz. 

^" La Puebla de los Angelos (la pweb'-la da loce aSg-hS-lgs — "the city 
of the angels,") is 76 miles southeast of the city of Mexico. According to 
some; it received its name from the beauty of its situation ,• but a much pret- 
tier account is the following : " Many years ago," says tradition, " it was 
desired by the faithful to build a cathedral. But the people were poor, and 
unable to accomplish such an undertaking. Urged by the clergy, however, 
they commenced contributing labor and materials as they were able, and 
were rewarded by finding the work progress in the most astonishing manner. 
Etf^ery morning it was found that as much had been done in the absence of 
the laborers, in the night, as during the day previous. All theories failed to 
account for the phenomenon, until it was discovered that every night the 



60 PRESIDENT POLK. [1845-1849. 

Nicholas P. Trist sent to negotiate peace. 

Battles of Contreras^®" and Churubusco,^^' (Aug. 20). 

(American Gen., Scott; Mexican, Valencia and Santa Anna.) 

Molino del Rey^^^ and Chapultepec^^^ taken by General 
Worth, {Sept. 8-13). 

Americans, under Scott, enter the city of Mexico,^®'' Sept. 14. 
1848. Treaty of peace ^^^ signed at Guadaloupe Hidalgo.^^^ 
Death of John Quincy Adams, (Feb. 23). 

Girard College ^^ opened for the admission of pupils. 

angels came down, and rewarded the zeal of the people by doing exactly as 
much in the night as had been done in the day." The cathedral was finished 
in the most splendid and expensive manner. The lofty candlesticks, the 
balustrade, the lamps, and all the ornaments of the principal altar, are of 
massive silver. The great chandelier suspended from the dome is said to 
weigh several tons. 

'^° Coutreras (con-tr^-ras,) is fourteen miles south of the city of Mexico. 

^' Churubusco (choo-roo-boos'-ko,) is six miles south of the city of 
Mexico. 

^^ Molino del Rey (mo-lee'-no del ray' — "the mill of the king,") is twelve 
miles southwest of the city of Mexico. 

^' Chapultepec (cha-pool-ta-pec')^ a strong fortress, two mUes southwest of 
the city of Mexico. 

^* The City of Mexico, the capital of the Confederacy, is on a plain 7400 
feet above the level of the sea. The United States Army occupied it from 
September 14th, 1847, to June 12th, 1848. Population, 180,000. Lat. 19° 
25' N.; Lon. 103° 45' West 

^* By this treaty, Mexico ceded to the United States more than 2,000,000 
square miles of territory, including California, Utah, and New Mexico. 

^^ Guadaloupe Hidalgo, a sipall town three and a half miles north of the 
city of Mexico. The treaty of peace was concluded February 2d, 1848, and 
ratified by the Mexican Congress, May 19th, 1848. 

^■' Girard College, situated in the northwestern part of the city of Philadel- 
phia, was founded upon a bequest of $2,000,000, left by Stephen Girard, who 
died in 1831. Orphans are admitted between the ages of six and ten years ; 
at the age of fourteen they are bound out to some useful occupation, unless 
they evince a disposition to pursue classical studies, in view of a profession, 
when they remain in the institution until they attain the age of eighteen years. 
The useful branches of an English education, and the French and Spanish 
languages, are taught in the principal department; and, as the pupils advance, 
higher branches are introduced. The college buildings, constructed on a pbin 
diifering in many respects from that designated by Girard, are objects of great 
interest to visitors. 



1849-1S53.] PRESIDENTS TAYLOR — FILLMORE. gl 

Utah^^^ settled at Salt Lake City,^^^ by Mormons from 
Illinois. 

1849. Zachary Taylor, President. Millard Fillmore, Yice 
President. 

Cabinet— John M.Clayton, Secretary of State; Wm. M. Meredith, Secre- 
tary of the Treasury; G. W. Crawford, Secretary of War; William B, 
Preston, Secretary of the Navy; Keverdy Johnson, Attorney-General. 

Death of James K. Polk. 

Minnesota '^^ erected into a Territory. 

1850. Death of John C. Calhoun. 
Death of Zachary Taylor. 
Millard Fillmore, President. 

Cabinet — Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; Thomas Corwin, Secretary 
of the Treasury; Chas. M. Conrad, Secretary of War; Wm. A. Graham, 
Secretary of the Navy; A= H. H. Stuart, Secretary of the Interior; 
J. J. Crittenden, Attorney-General. 

Compromise Measures ^^° passed — admission of California, 
with a Constitution prohibiting slavery ; the erection of Utah 
and New Mexico into Territories ; the settlement of the boun- 

^^ Utali (yu'-taw), a Territory of the United States, originally a part of 
Upper California, was ceded to the United States in 1848. The productions 
are wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, Indian corn, and the garden vegetables 
of the Middle States. Wood, both for building purposes and fuel, is scarce. 
The principal town is Salt Lake City, which is the Mormon capital. It has a 
magnificent temple, and a theatre which cost $20,000. Population, 10,000. 
The other cities, naming them in order from north to south, are Brownsville, 
Ogden City, Provo City, Manti City, Fillmore City, and Paravan. They are 
built mostly of adobes, or unburnt bricks. Fillmore City is the capital. The 
population of Utah is composed principally of Mormons, who settled here in 
1848, after their expulsion from Illinois and Missouri. 

^* Minnesota was a part of Louisiana Territory. In 1857 it was authorized 
to form a State Constitution. Pembina, on the Red River, where it crosses 
the 49th parallel of North Latitude, is the most northern town in the United 
States. 

-^° Clay's Compromise provided for the admission of California, for the 
organization of the Territories of Utah and New Mexico, and for the adjust- 
ment of the Texas boundary. This " Omnibus Bill," as it was called, was 
strongly opposed, and all its measures defeated, except that which provided 
for the organization of Utah into a Territory. Afterwards, California was 
admitted with a Constitution excluding slavery; New Mexico was erected into 
a Territorial Government, with the provision that Utah and New Mexico 
should be admitted as States, either with or without slavery, as the Constitu- 



62 PRESIDENTS PIERCE — BUCHANAN. [1853-1857. 

dary of Texas ; the abolition of the slave trade in the District 
of Columbia ; and the Fugitive Slave Law. 
Death of Richard M. Johnson. 

Invasion of Cuba by Fillibusters * under Lopez. 

1851. Bills passed. — A bill providing for the payment of 
French spoliations ; Postage Bill, by which postage on letters 
was reduced to three cents, prepaid, for all distances under 
3000 miles. 

Opening of the Crystal Palace, in London, Visit of Father Mathew to the 
United States. Death of James Audubon, the ornithologist; James 
Fennimore Cooper ; Mrs. Shelley ; Joanna Baillie. 

1852. Death of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. 

Arrival of Kossuth. 

1853. Franklin Pierce, President. Wm. R. King, Yice 
President. 

Cabinet— Wm. L. Marcy, Secretary of State; James Guthrie, Secretary of 
the Treasury; Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War; J. C. Dobbin, Secretary 
of the Navy; Robert McClelland, Secretary of the Interior; Caleb 
Gushing, Attorney-General. 

Death of Wm. R. King. David R. Atchison, Yice Presi- 
dent pro tern. 

Opening of the Crystal Palace in New York. Washington Territory formed. 
U. S. Expedition to Japan, under Commodore Pen-y, set out. 

1854. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise,^^° by the estab- 
lishment of Territorial Governments in Kansas and Nebraska.^^' 

Purchase of the Mesilla Valley.'^s Loss of the Steamer Arctic. 

185T. James Buchanan, President. J. C. Breckenridge, 
Yice President. 

Cabinet — Lewis Cass, Secretary of State; Howell Cobb, Secretary of the 
Treasury; John B. Floyd, Secretary of War; Isaac Toucey, Secretary of 
the Navy ; Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the Interior ; Aaron V. Brown, 
Postmaster-General ; Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney-General. 

tion of each should prescribe ; the Texas boundary was settled, and $10,000,000 
paid to her by the United States ; the slave trade was abolished in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia; and the "Fugitive Slave Law" passed. 

'^^ The Kansas and Nebraska Act established territorial governments over 
Kansas and Nebraska, and provided that, when admitted as States, they 
shall be received with or without slavery, as the Constitution of each may 
prescribe. This act, by allowing slavery in a part of the Louisiana Territory, 
north of 36° 30', repealed the Missouri Compromise. 

* Probably from " Flibustiers," the name given to buccaneers of Tortuga, from the 
email, fast, fly-boats, in which their expeditions were carried on. " Buccaneers," from 
toucan, a grating of wood on which meat was dried. 



CHRONOLOGY 

OF THE 

THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES 

YIRGINIA. 

1606. James I. grants South Yirginia'^' (34°-38° N.Lat.) 
to the London Company. 

1601. First permanent English settlement in America,^ at 
Jamestown. ^^ 

(Edward Wingfield, Governor.) 

Capture of Smith by the Indians. 

1608. Captain Newport arrives with 120 settlers. 
"Gold mania" in the Colony. 

1609. London Company receives the second Charter. 

(Lord Delaware, Governor fur life. Gates, Deputy Governor, wrecked on the Ber- 
mudas.^^*) 

1610. Smith returns to England.^ 

The Colonists suffer from starvation. They embark for 
England, but are met by Lord Delaware with supplies. 

1611. Lord Delaware returns to England.'* Sir Thomas 
Dale appointed Governor. 

1612. London Company receives the third Charter. 

1613. An expedition, commanded by Argall, destroys the 
French settlements in Acadia, ^^ an*d compels the Dutch at 
Manhattan ^^ to acknowledge the authority of the English, 

'"^' Bermudas (ber-moo'-das), or Soniers' Islands, a group of islands in the 
j^tlantic Ocean, 580 miles from Cape Hatteras, belonging to Great Britain. 
Principal exports — arrow-root, potatoes, and onions. There is no fresh water 
on the islands, except a few wells, and these are brackish. Hamilton, the 
capital, is on Bermuda, or Long Island. There is regular steam communica- 
tion with New York. 

(63) 



64 VIRGINIA. 

1614. Captain John Smith explores the coast from Penob- 
scot ''Ho Cape Cod.^^ 

1616. Cultivation of tobacco introduced. 

1619. First Representative Assembly in America^ called 
by Governor Yeardley, at Jamestown,^^ Yirginia.^' 

1620. Negro slavery introduced. 

Ninety girls sent from England^ to be wives for the planters. 

1621. A written Constitution granted by the Company. 
Cultivation of cotton introduced. 

Sir Francis Wyatt, Governor. 

1622. Settlers at Jamestown^ massacred by the Indians. 

1624. King James dissolves the London Company. 

1625. Charles I. ascends the throne. 

1628. Harvey, Governor. 

1636. Harvey imprisoned, and sent to England,^ but was 
sent back the same year. 

1639. Sir William Berkeley appointed Governor. 

1644. Second massacre of the Yirginia settlers by the 
Indians. 

1649. Charles I. beheaded by Parliament, and monarchy 
abolished. 

1651. "Navigation Acts"^^ passed by Cromwell. 

1652. Cromwell sends a force to compel Berkeley to ac- 
knowledge his authority. 

(From 1652 to 1660, the Governors were Bennet, Diggs, Mathews, and Sir William 
Berkeley.) 

1660. Restoration of monarchy. 

(Charles II. ascends the throne.) 

1663. Second "Navigation Acts"^^ passed by Charles II. 

1672. Liberty of "Free Trade"''- between the Colonies 
taken away by the king. 

1673. Large tracts of land granted by the king to his 
favorites, Culpepper and Arlington. 

1676. Bacon's Rebellion. 

In 1677, Culpepper was appointed Governor for life, thus making the colony a pro- 
prietary government. In 1684, Culpepper being deprived of his office, Virginia became 
a royal province, and continued so until the adoption of a State Constitution, at the 
time of the Revolurion. 

^ A heavy tax was laid upon goods exported from one colony to another. 



NEW YORK. 6ft 



NEW YORK. 

1609. Hudson River '^^ discovered by IleDry Hudson (sent 
out by the Dutch). 

1614. New York'^ settled at Manhattan'^ by the Dutch, 
and called New Amsterdara.^^^ 

Fort Orange^^' built on the site of Albany.'"^ 
Captain Argall, sailing from Virginia,^' compels the settlers 
to acknowledge his authority. 

1615. Dutch renounce the authority of the English. 

1625. Peter Minuits, Governor of New Netherlands.*'' 

1629. -'Charter of liberties" granted by the West India 
Company. 

1631. Dutch claim from Cape Heulopen*' to Cape Cod.'^ 
1633, Vouter Von Twiller, Governor. 

1633. Dutch form a settlement at Hartford.^^^ 

1638. Sir WiUiam Keift, Governor, rebuilds Fort Nassau."* 

1640. Hostilities commence with the Indians of Long 
Island'^' and New Jersey.^" 

1646. Indians defeated in the battle of Strickland Plains,^' 
by New York^' settlers. 

1647. W. Stuyvesant, Governor. 

1650. Treaty between the Dutch and Connecticut '° settlers. 

(The Dutch relinquish their claim to the present State of Connecticut.»°) 

1651. Dutch build Fort Casimir.^^^ 

1655. Dutch conquer the Swedes on the Delaware River. 

1663. Second Indian War. 

1664. New York^" surrenders to the English. 

^^ New Amsterdam, or New York, — These settlements by the Dutch were 
mere trading-huts. A discrepancy exists in the dates — some writers giving 
1613, and some 1614. Argall considered the Dutch as intruders on the soil 
of Virginia — the patent of James I. extending to the 45th parallel. The 
name of Fort Orange was given in honor of the Prince of Orange, and 
changed, in 1G64, to Albany, in honor of the Duke of York and Albany. 

■^^ Port Nassau, on Big Timber Creek, on the east side of the Delaware 
River, six miles from Camden. 

"^^ Fort Casimir was on the i^resent site of Newcastle, five mUes from the 
Swedish fort at Christiana. 
I. — 6 • 



66 NEW YORK. 

1673. New York ^'' surrendered to the Dutch by the treachery of Sir John 
Manning. 

1674. New York '''' retaken by the English. 

16T4. J^ndross appointed Governor. 

1682. First Legislative Assembly meets in New York." 

1683. Second "Charter of liberties" granted. 

1684. Council at Albany '°' with the Six Nations (p. SI). 

1688. New York ^' included in the jurisdiction of Andross. 
"Glorious Revolution " in England.^ 

16S9. James II. abdicates the throne, and takes refuge in France.** 
William and Mary ascend the throne. 

1689. King William's War {between England'^ and 
France,^^) commences in America.^ 

Andross imprisoned, and sent to England.' 
Leisler assumes the authority. 

1690. Schenectady^^ burned by the Indians. 

1691. Sloughter appointed Governor. 
Leisler and Melbourne executed. 

1692. Fletcher appointed Governor. 
1698. Bellamont appointed Governor. 
1T02. Queen Anne ascends the throne. 

Queen Anne's War (between England^ and France, ^^) 
commences in America.^ 

Cornbury appointed Governor. 

1U3. Queen Anne's War ended by the Treaty of 
Utrecht.^^ 

1711. Expedition to Montreal,** by way of Lake Champlain,"' is abandoned. 

It 14. George I. ascends the throne. 
1119. Burnet appointed Governor. 
1727. George II. ascends the throne. 
1741. Negroes charged with a conspiracy to destroy the 
whites. 

New York remained under a ProTincial GoTcrnment until the adoption of a State 
Constitution at the time of the Re-volution. 

** Schenectady, on the Mohawk River, in New York, sixteen miles north- 
west of Albany. Population, 9000. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 61 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

1592,, Law of Conformity ^^ passed by Elizabeth, and Puri- 
tans^'' emigrate to Holland. ^^ 

1602. Gosnold discovers and names Cape Cod.^^ 

1603. James I. ascends the throne. 

1606. James I. grants North Virginia^' to the Plymouth 
Company. 

160*7. Plymouth Company attempts a settlement on the 
Kennebec Kiver.^'*''' 

1614. Captain John Smith explores the coast from Penob- 
scot "'M.o Cape Cod.^^ 

1620. Massachusetts ^° settled at Plymouth."' 

1621. Massasoit, a chief of the Wampanoags, makes a 
treaty with the settlers at Plymouth.'*' 

1625. Charles I. ascends the throne. 

1628. Salem'" settled by John Endicott. 

1629. Colony incorporated. 

1630. Boston settled by Winthrop. 

1634. Government changes from a pure democracy to a 
Kepresentative Government. 

1635. Henry Yane and other emigrants arrive. 

The king forbids Cromwell and Hampden to leave England.' 

Roger Williams banished. 

1636. Yane appointed Governor. 

Dispute with Ann Hutchinson on religious questions. 
163Y. War between the Pequods and Connecticut^" settlers 
ended by the destruction of the tribe. 

1638. Harvard College founded at Cambridge.^^ 

1639. First printing-press established in America.^ 

' 1641. New Hampshire''^ unites with Massachusetts.'*" 

^'^ The Kennebec, an important river in Maine, issues from Moosehead Lake, 
and empties into the Atlantic Ocean, It has a descent of more than 1000 feet 
in 150 miles, thus affording a valuable water-power. The usual time for the 
closing of the river by ice is December 12tb, and April 3d for the opening of 
navigation. 



68 MASSACHUSETTS. 

1643. Union of the New England Colonies (except Rhode 
Island,^") for mutual protection and defence. 

(Comprising MassacliusettS; Connecticut, I'lymouth, and New Haven.) 

1649. Charles I. beheaded by order of Parliament, and 
monarchy abolished. 

1650. Persecution of the Baptists. 

1651. "Navigation Acts"^** passed by Cromwell. 

1652. Massachusetts "" and Maine "^^ unite. . • 
1656. Persecution of the Quakers. 

1660. Restoration of monarchy. 

(Charles II. ascends the throne.) 

Arrival of the regicides {Goffe and Whalley). 

1663. Second " Navigation Acts"^^ passed by Charles II. 

1664. Arrival of Commissioners to examine into the affairs 
of the Colony. 

16t2. Liberty of "free trade "^^^ between the Colonies 
taken away by the king. 

1615. Commencement of King Philip's War. 

Attack on Swanzey.^^^ 

16t6. King Philip's War ended by his death. 

1680. Massachusetts^" and New Hampshire"^ separate. 

1684. Charter of Massachusetts ^° declared invalid. 

1685. James II. ascends the throne. 

1686. Andross made Governor of all New England. 

(The Colony deprived of its Charter.) 

1688. " Glorious Revolution" in England.'' 

16S9. James II. abdicates the throne, and takes refuge in France.** 
William and Mary ascend the throne. 

1689. King William's War (between England^ and 
France,^^) commences in America.^ 

Andross imprisoned, and sent to England.' 

1690. Conquest of Port Royal =" by Sir Wm. Phipps. 
Phipps's unsuccessful expedition against Canada." 
1692. Salem" witchcraft. 

Massachusetts ^° receives a new charter. 

** Swanzey, a village in Massachusetts, on Mt. Hope Bay, a part of Narra- 
gansett Bay. 



NEW IIAMPSniIlE. (^9 

1697. King William's War ended by the Treaty of Rys- 
wick.'^^ 

1*702. Queen Anne ascends the throne. 

Queen Anne's War commences in America.'^ 

no 4. First newspaper published in America'^ at Boston.^ 

(The " Boston \yeelily News-Letter.") 

Deerfield*^ burned by the Indians and French. 
170T. Unsuccessful expedition to Port Koyal.^^ 
mo. Conquest of Port Royal. ^'^ 

(The name changed to Annapolis.^') 

Itll. Admiral Walker's unsuccessful expedition to 
Canada." 

1713. Queen Anne's War ended by the Treaty of 
Utrecht.^^ 

1714. George I. ascends the throne. 

1716. Contest between Governor Shute and the House of 
Representatives as to salary. 

1727. George II. ascends the throne. 

1744. King George's War (between England^ and 
France,^^) commences in America.^ 

1745. Louisburg^^ and Cape Breton ^^ taken by the British. 

(British Commanders, Sir William Pepperell and Admiral Warren.) 

1748. King George's War ended by the Treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle.'^° 

Ma-ssachusetts remained under the Charter granted by William III., in 1692, until 
the adoption of a State Constitution at the time of the Revolution. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

[The acccFsion of the sovereigns, and some other events, are not mentioned in this 
and the foiloying Colonies, unless necessary to the connection.] 

1622. Grant of land to Gorges and Mason. 

1623. New Hampshire '' settled at Dover '*=' by the English. 

1629. New Hampshire'*^ granted to Mason. 

1641. New Hampshire''^ united with Massachusetts. ''^ 
6* 



70 NEW JERSEY. 

1664. Commissioners sent over to examine the affairs of 
the Colony. 

1680. New Hampshire ■'^ separated from Massachusetts.'*^ 
First Legislature assembles at Portsmouth. ^®^ 

1681. Dispute between Mason and the people as to the payment of rent 
for the land. 

1686. Andross made Governor of all New England. 

1688. "Glorious Revolution" in England.^ 

1689. Jame.o IT. abdicates the throne, and takes refuge in France.** 
Wiiliam and Mary ascend the throne. 

1689. King William's War {between England^ and 
Finance") commences in America.^ 

Andross imprisoned, and sent to England.^ 

1690. Dover^^ burned by the Indians. {King William^s 
War.) 

New Hampshire'*^ united with Massachusetts."" 
1692. New Hampshire ""^ separated from Massachusetts.'*" 
169T. King William's War ended by the Treaty of Rys- 
wick.''^ 

1699. New Hampshire"^ unites with Massachusetts.'*" 
1722. Indians defeated by Captain John Lovewell. 
1741. New Hampshire"'^ separated from Massachusetts.'*" 

New Hampshire remained a Royal Province until the adoption of a State Constitu- 
tion at the time of the Revolution. 



NEW JERSEY. 

r 

1623. Eort Nassau ^'^ built by the Dutch, but abandoned. 

1624. New Jersey"^ settled at Bergen"^ by the Dutch and 
Danes. 

1664. New Jersey"^ granted by the Duke of York to 
Berkeley and Carteret. 

1665. Philip Carteret {first Governor,) establishes himself 
at Elizabethtown. 

^ Portsmouth, on a peninsula lying on the south side of the Piscataqua 
Biver, in New Hampshire. 



DELAWARE. Yl 

16Y0. Difficulties between the settlers and the proprietors 
as to the payment of rent for the land. 

16Y4. Andross, Governor of New Jersey.''* 

Berkeley sells his share of New Jersey"*^ to Billings. 

1675. Billings makes an assignment to William Penn and 
others. 

1671. New Jersey''* divided into East and West Jersey.^ 

(East Jersey given to Carteret ; West Jersey, to Penn.) 

1680. The eminent jurist, Sir W. Jones, decides against the claims of 
Andross to New Jersey.** 

1681. First Representative Assembly in West Jersey. 

1682. East Jersey purchased by Penn and others. 

1 688. New Jersey "* included in the jurisdiction of Andross. 
1702. New Jersey''* becomes a royal province. 

Lord Cornbury, Governor. 

1738. New Jersey** separates from New York.^' 

New Jersey continued under a Provincial Government until the adoption of a 
Stale Constitution at the time of the Revolution. 



DELAWARE. 

1627. Delaware*^ settled at Cape Henlopen*^ by the Swedes 
and Finns. 

New Sweden extended from Cape Henlopen *' to Trenton.**® 

1638. Settlement at Christiana Creek/°' near Wilmington, 
under Minuiis. 

1643. Swedes build a fort on Tinicum, to oppose Fort 
Nassau.^^* 

John Printz, first Governor. 

1651. Dutch build Fort Casimir^^^ at New Castle. 
Fort Casimir^^^ seized by Rising, the second Swedish 
Governor. 

"* East and West Jersey. — The division was made by running a line from 
the most southern point of the east side of Little Egg Harbor, to the north- 
western extremity of the State. 

*"* Christiana Creek enters the Brandywine at Wilmington. 



72 CONNECTICUT. 

1655. Dutch conquer the Swedes on the Delaware. 

Rising was conveyed to Europe, and the country was placed under depu- 
ties from New Netherlands. 

1664. New York ^^ surrendered to the Enorlish. 
1682. " The Territories," or, the " Three Lower Counties," 
now Delaware,''^ granted to Penn. 

1691. Delaware ^^ separates from Pennsylvania.^^ 

1693. Delaware"^ united to Pennsylvania.®^ 

(Fletcher, Governor.) 

1694. Delaware''^ and Pennsylvania^^ restored to Penn. 
1*701. Delaware'^® refuses to continue the union with Penn- 
sylvania.^^ 

no 2. Delaware''^ has a separate Legislature, but the same 
Governor. 

Penn died in 1718, leaving Delaware and Pennsylvania to his three sons. The heir.<i 
continued to govern the Colony until the Revolution, when they surrendered their 
claims to the Commonwealth for $580,000. A State Constitution was then adopted. 



CONNECTICUT. 

1633. Dutch form a settlement at Hartford.'^' 
Connecticut'" settled at Windsor.^' 
1635. Weathersfield^'"^ and Saybrook^' settled. 
1631. War between the Pequods and Connecticut^" settlers 
ended by the destruction of the tribe. 

1638. Settlement of New Haven by Davenport. Eaton, 
and others. 

1639. Connecticut^" towns adopt a Constitution. 

1643. Union of the New England Colonies (except Rhode 
Island,) for mutual protection and defence. 

(Comprising Massachusetts, Connecticut. Plymouth, and New Haven.) 

1650. Treaty between the Dutch and Connecticut settlers. 

(Dutch relinquish their claim to the present State of Connecticut.) 

** Weathersfield, on the west side of the Connecticut River, four miles south 
of Hartford. 



MARYLAND. •73 

1662. Connecticut ^° obtains a Royal Charter. 

Charter granted to Winthrop on presenting a ring which was a present 
from Charles I. 

1664. Arrival of Commissioners to examine into the affairs 
of the Colony. 
1615. Andross attempts to gain possession of the fort. 

(Captain Bull defends the fort.) 

Commencement of King Philip's War. 

1687. Andross attempts to take the Charter.^^* 

(Charter-" hid in an oak.) 

1688. "Glorious Revolution" in England.' 

1689. King William's War (between England^ and 
France, ^^) commences in America.^ 

Andross imprisoned, and sent to England.' 
1692. Governor Fletcher's visit to Hartford. ^^' 

Captain Wadsworth retains the command of the militia. 

ItOO. Yale College founded at Saybrook.«» • 
1708. The "Saybrook Platform'""^ adopted. 
1717. Yale College removed to New Haven. 

Connecticut remained under a Royal Charter until the adoption of a State Consti- 
tution at the time of the Revolution. 



MARYLAND. 

1631. Clayborne receives a license to trade with the 
Indians. 

1632. Lord Baltimore receives his Charter. 

Sir George Calvert dying, the Charter was made out to his son, Cecil 
Calvert. 

1634. Maryland ^2 settled at St. Mary's^' by Roman Cath- 
olics, under Lord Baltimore. 

="'•' The "Saybrook Platform" contained the Confession of Faith and the 
rules and discipline of the Church in Connecticut, and re-affirmed the "West- 
minster and Savoy Confessions. All churches which acknowledged this jjlat- 
form were established by law, but all others were allowed to regulate theii 
concerns as they pleased. 



*14, RHODE ISLAND — NORTH CAROLINA. 

1635. First Legislative Assembly convened. 

1639. Representative Government established. 

1645. Clayborne's Rebellion. 

1655. Civil war between Roman Catholics and Protestants. 

1660. Philip Calvert appointed Governor. 

1691. Lord Baltimore deprived of his Charter. 

1115. Charter restored to the heirs of Lord Baltimore. 

Maryland remained under a Proprietary Government until the adoption of a State 
Constitution at the time of the Revolution. 



RHODE ISLAND. 

1636. Rhode Island^ settled at Providence" by the Bap- 
tists under Roger Williams. 

1638. Settlement of Portsmouth'^ by Coddington. 

1639. Settlement of Newport.'^ 

1641. Charter obtained from Parliament by Roger Wil- 
liams. 

161T. A Democratic Government established. 

1663. Royal Charter obtained. 

1664. Arrival of Commissioners to examine into the affairs 
of the Colony. 

16T6. King Philip's War ended by his death at Mt. Hope.* 

Andross dissolved the Charter of Rhode Island, but it was resumed on his impris- 
onmentj and continued in force until the adoption of a State Constitution in 1842. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 

1585 to 158t. Raleigh's unsuccessful attempts to form set- 
tlements. 

Emigrants from Virginia^' attempt to form settlements at 
Albemarle ^° about the year 1650. 

""^ Portsmouth is in the northern part of the island of Rhode Island. 
* Mt. Hope, or Pokanoket. now Bristol, Rhode Island. Pocasset, now Tivertou. south 
of Mt. Hope Bay, Rhode Island. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. •^5 

1663. Charles II. grants North'^ and South Carolina^^ to 
Lord Clarendon and seven others. 

North Carolina^^ settled at Albemarle by the English. 

166Y. Clarendon Company established by planters from 
Barbadoes.'^^ 

1670. Locke prepares a " Fundamental Constitution."^^ 

1671. John Yeamans removed to the South Caroliua"^^ 
Colony. 

1677. Culpepper's Rebellion in support of a smuggler. 

1683. Seth Sothel, Governor; banished in 1688. 

1693. "Fundamental Constitution"^^ abolished. 

1695. John Archdale, Governor. 

1698. Settlements on Tar River,''"^ 

1711. War with the Tuscaroras and Corees. 

(Colonel Barnwell sent against the Indians.) 

1713. Colonel Moore sent against the Indians. 

Tuscaroras emigrate to New York,^^ and join the Five 
Nations (p. 37). 

1715. Peace with the Corees. 

1729. North ^^ and South Carolina^ become distinct 
provinces. 

(The Colonies were purchased by the king for $80,000.) 

North Carolina remained a Royal Province until the adoption of a State Constitu- 
tion at the time of the Revolution. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 

1562. Ribault (sent out by Coligny,) builds Fort Carolina, 
at Port Royal, '^ in South Carolina, ^^ which was the first at- 
tempt to plant a colony in the United States. 

1670. South Carolina^ settled at Port Royal by the English. 

1671. Yeamans. Governor. 

^' Barbadoes is one of the Caribbec, or Windward Islands, and the most 
eastern of the West Indies. 

** Tar River, in the eastern part of North Carolina, enters Pamlico Sounil. 
From the Sound to the village of Washington, a distance of forty miles, it \a 
called Pamlico Kivor. 



•ye PENNSYLVANIA. 

Locke prepares the " Fundamental Constitution."^ 
1680. Settlement of Charleston. ''^^ 

1685. Louis XIV. revokes the "Edict of Nantes," ^^ and many Protestants 
emigrate to America.^ 

1690. Seth Sothel succeeds Colleton as Governor. 
1693. "Fundamental Constitution"^^ abolished. 
1695. John Archdale's wise and equitable administration. 
169T. Huguenots admitted to all the rights of citizens. 
1102. Queen Anne's War {between England^ and 
France,^^) commences in America.^ 

Governor Moore's unsuccessful expedition against the Spanish Province 
of Florida.* Spain' was an ally of France,*' consequently liable to attack 
by England.' 

1Y06. Spaniards invade South Carolina.^^ 

ni3. Queen Anne's War ended by the Treaty of 
Utrecht. ^^ 

1115. War with the Yamassees. Battle of Salkehatchie.^"^ 

IT 20. Proprietors forfeit their Charter. 

1729. North ^^ and South Carolina ^^ become distinct 
provinces. 

(The Colonies were purchased by the king for $80,000.) 

South Carolina remained a Royal Province until the adoption of a State Constitu- 
tion at the time of the Revolution. 



PENNSYLYANIA. 

1643. Settlement of Tinicum^^"^ by the Swedes. 

1681. Penn receives his Charter. 

1682. Pennsylvania^ settled at Philadelphia^^ by William 
Penn. 

Treaty with the Indians. 

^■^ Salkehatcliie, a name given to the upper part of the Combahee River, in 
South Carolina. 

^^ Tinicum, an island in the Delaware River, belonging to Pennsylvania, 
twelve miles from Philadelphia. 



GEORGIA. 1^ 

First Legislative Assembly convened at Chester. ^°^ 
East Jersey purchased by Penn and others. 
"The Territories," or, the "Three Lower Counties," now 
Delaware,"*^ granted to Penn. 

1683. Second Legislative Assembly convened at Phila- 
delphia.'^ 

1684. Penn returns to England.'' 

1688. " Glorious Revolution" in England.^' 
King William's War (behveen England^ and France,^^) 
commences in America.'^ 

1691. Delaware''^ separates from Pennsylvania.^^ 

1692. Charter taken from Penn. 

(Eletcher appointed GoTernor.) 

- 1693. Delaware''^ re-united to Pennsylvania.^^ 

1694. Charter restored to Penn. 

1691. King William's War ended by the Treaty of Rys- 
wick.'^ 

1699. Penn's second visit to the Colony. 

1701. Penn returns to England.'' 

17 02. Delaware'*^ separated from Pennsylvania.^^ 
1718. Death of Penn. 

In 1775, the Commonwealth purchased the Colony from Penn's heirs for $580,000, 
and adopted a State Constitution. 



GEORGIA. 

1732. Oglethorpe receives his Charter from George IL 
1733.' Georgia"" settled at Savannah^' by the English. 

(Treaty with the Indians.) 

1736. Boundary disputes with Spain. ^ 

Visit of Wesley in 1736; Whitfield, in 1738, 
1739. Enp;land ^ declares war against Spain.* 



Chester is on the Delaware River, fifteen miles southwest of PhUadelphia. 
L — 7 



78 GEORGIA. 

1740. Unsuccessful expedition to Florida.^ 
1742. Spanish invasion defeated by Oglethorpe's stratagem. 
1752. Proprietors resign their Charter, and the Colony 
becomes a Koyal Government. 

(reorgia remained a Eoyal Province until the adoption of a State Constitution 
at the time of the Revolution. 



California, the most vrestern of the United States, was admitted into the Union in 
1850, after a protracted and stormy dehate, it being the first State formed from the ter- 
ritory lying south of the line of the Missouri Compromise, whose Constitution excluded 
slavery. Its admission, with that Constitution, was the result of the Compromise 
measures of 1850. The auriferous character of the soil has made this State of tlie 
greatest importance. At the close of 1854, the amount of gold produced was estimated 
at $298,243,938. Population, 264,435. Area, 188,982 square miles. (Inhabitant — 
Cal-i-for'-nian.) 

Nebraska, formed of Missouri Territory and a part of the Indian Territory, was 
organized in 1854. It extends from the 40th to the 49th parallel of North Latitude. 
Capital — Omaha City. Principal settlements — Nebraska City, Otoe City, Florence, 
and Beilevue. 

Kansas, formerly a part of Indian Territory, was organized in 1854. It extends from 
the 37th to the 40th parallel of North Latitude, and consequently is entirely north of 
36° 30', the line of the Missouri Compromise, [See Note 291, page 62.] Capital — 
Lecompton. Principal towns ^Lawrence, Leavenworth, Pawnee, and Ossawatomie. 

The Gadsden Purchase lies south of the Gila River, and extends from the Rio Grande 
to the Gulf of California. It comprises the northern portion of the Mexican Stateis of' 
Sonora and Chihuahua, and includes the MesiHa Valley. This territory was purchased 
by the United States from Mexico, iu August, 1854, for $15,000,000, through the agency 
of Mr. Gadsden, Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico. Area, about 28,000 square miles. 

Arizona.— It is proposed by Congress to form the Gadsden Purchase, with the southern 
portion of New Mexico, into a new territory to be called Arizona. 

Mason and Dixon's Line. — The boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania, 
laid down by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two English astronomers, in 1762. 
The term is frequently used for the boundary between the slave and free States. 

The Galphin Claim.— Prior to 1773, George Galphin, Superintendent of Indian affairs 
in South Carolina, by his dealings with the Ci-eek Indians, had made them indebted 
to him in the sum of $49,000. To secure the payment of this and other debts, the 
Creeks, in 1773, conveyed to the British Government a large tract of land in Georgia. 
At the close of the Revolution, Galphin applied to the State for payment for this land, 
but it was refused. In 1847, Milledge Galphin, surviving heir and executor of the 
Indian agent, petitioned Congress for payment of the claim, principal and interest. In 
1850, Congress allowed what the State government had declared illegal. As interest 
had been accumulating for seventy years, the Galphin Claim took from the national 
treasury the sum of $250,000. 



^^.^v' / ''l^ Loll. E. frum Washiiiglun. 



— ^^v<^jH^^« .v'M NT Rt Al! 
r- /tJHAIVlPLAIISlH;'' 




Ft.Tifoiiderogan^i 



1^ FtDiinuner > 









^i?. 



Saratoga* 



„ ■ ' ocneitectarL^ 



mi^atcol \B%,aiimiton 




< 



iscataica;/ E. 



%;o V..,. J' ^^ ;_-j„_V--: 






;i jrlf' 



c\ 



Ay B;f 



^■^~''^^• 



Y 



^J.l 



JS .,,«# 



'I. Jo ^"'7 ' ' '" r^-^- 









o 



7 



'Gernutl. T. ^/'"""t^t 



N 



Philadelphia 7 

eABank /; 



i. T 




4- 



1 U 



> 



/ 



^^^><^, ^ 



V 



■■T ^ 




C E A N 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 



English Sovereigns, from the Discovery of America. 

House of Tudor. House, of Stuart. House of Brunswick. 

1485. Kenry VII. 
1509. Henry VIII. 
1547. Edward VI. 
1553. Mary. 
1558. Elizabeth. 



1603. James I. 

1625. Charles I. 

1649. The Commonwealth. 

1660. Charles II. 

1685. James II. 

16S9. William and Mary. 

1702. Anne. 



1714. George T. 

1727. Geort'e 11. 

1760. George III. 

1820. George IV. 

1830. William IV 

1837. Victoria. 



Presidents of the "United States. 



George Washington . 

John Adams 

Thomas Jefferson .... 

•Tames Madison 

James Monroe 

John Quincy Adams 

Andrew .Tai'kson 

Martin Van Buren... 
William 11. Harrison 

John Tyler 

James K. Polk 

Zachary Taylor 

Millard Fillmore 

Franklin Pierce 

James Buchanan 



Virginia 

Massachusetts 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Massachusetts 

Tennessee 

New York...... 

Ohio 

Virginia 

Tennessee 

Louisiana 

New York 

N. Hampshire 
Pennsylvania 



Born. 


PI 




si 




1789 




■^ 


1732 


57 


8 


1735 


1797 


62 


4 


1743 


1801 


58 


8 


1751 


1,^09 


58 


8 


1758 


1817 


58 


8 


1767 


1825 


58 


4 


1767 


1829 


62 


8 


1782 


1837 


55 


4 


1773 


1841 


68 


_ 


1790 


1841 


51 


4 


1795 


1845 


49 


4 


1784 


1849 


65 


1 


1800 


1850 


50 


3 


1804 


1853 


49 


4 


1791 


1857 


66 





Died. 




Dec. 14, 
July 4, 
July 4, 
June 28, 
July 4, 
Feb. 23, 
June 8, 


1799 
1826 
1826 
1836 
1831 
1848 
1845 


April 4, 


1841 


June 15, 
July 9, 


1849 
1850 







Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States. 



No. 

1 
2 

3 

4 

5 
6 

7 

8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 


Presidents. 


Residence. 


TermofOfEce. 


No. of Years. 


Vice-Presidents. 


Died. 

1826 
1826 
1836 
1812 
1812 
1814 
1825 
18.50 
1850 

1850 
1853 


George Washington . 
John Adams 

Thomas Jefferson .... 
James Madison 


Virginia 
Mass. ... 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 
Mass. ... 

Tenn. ... 

N. York. 

Ohio 

Virginia 
Tenn. ... 
Loui.s'a . 
N.York. 
N. Ham. 
Penn'a . 


1789 to 1797 
1797 to 1801 

1801 to 1809 

1809 to 1817 

1817 to 1825 
1825 to 1829 

1829 to 1837 

1837 to 1841 
one month 
1841 to 1845 
1845 to 1849 

1849 to 1850 

1850 to 1853 
18.53 to 1857 
18.57 to 


8 
4 

8 

8 

8 
4 

8 

4 


years 

"A 


John Adams .... 
Thos. Jefferson . 

Aaron Burr 

George Clinton . 
George Clinton . 
Elbridge Gerry . 
D. D. Tompkins . 
.John C.Calhoun 
John C.Calhoun 
M.Van Buren... 
R. M. John.son... 
.John Tyler 


John Quincy Adams 

Andrew Jackson 

Martin Van Buren... 
William II. Harrison 


3 
4 
1 
3 
4 


jf. llm. 
years 
year 
years 


James K Polk 


G.M.Dallas 

Millard Fillmore 


Zachary Taylor 

Millard Fillmore 

Franklin Pierce 

James Buchanan 


Wm.R.King.... 
J.C.Breckinridge 



(79) 



80 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 



Wars of the Colonies and States. 

1637. War between tJie Pequods and Connecticut settlers; ended the same year by 
the destruction of the tribe. 

1675. Commencement of King Philip's War; ended, 1676, by his death. 

1689. King William's War (between England and France^) commences in America; 
ended, 1697, by Treaty of Piys-wick. 

1702. Queen Anne's War {between England and France,) commences in America; 
ended, 1713, by Treaty of Utrecht. 

1744. King George's War, or, the Old French and Indian War (between England and 
France,) commences in America; ended, 1748, by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

1756. French and Indian War, or, the Seven Years' War; ended, 1763, by the Treaty 
of Paris. 

1775. Revolutionary War; ended, 1783/ by the Treaty of Paris. 

1812. Three Years' War, or, the War of 1812 ; ended, 1815, by the Treaty of Ghent. 

1846. Mexican War; ended, 1848, by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 



Battles of the French and Indian War. 



When fought. 


Where fought. 


English Commanders. 


French 
Commanders. 


Party 
successful. 


1754. May 28 
July 3 

1755. June 13 

July 9 

Sept. 8 
Sept. 8 

1756. Aug. 11 
Sept. 8 

1757. Aug. 3 

1758. June 25 

July 5 
Aug. 25 

1759. July 24 
Sept. 13 




Washington 

Washington 


Jumonville 
YiUiers 

Beaujeu .... 

Pieskau 

Dieskau 

Montcalm .. 


English 
French 

English 

French 
French 

English 

French 
English 
French 
English 
English 
French 
English 
English 
English 




) Monongahela, or \ 
} Braddock's Field ] "' 


Braddock 


Colonel Williams .. 

General Johnson .. 

Colonel Mercer 

Armstrong 

Colonel Monroe.... 
Amherst and Wolfe 
Amherst and Wolfe 

Ahercrombie 

Col. Bradstreet 

Prideaux, Johnson 
Wolfe 


) Lake George, after- ; 
\ wards Ft. Wm. Henry \ 

Oswego 

Kittaning 

Fort William Henry 

Louisburg 

Cape Breton 


Montcalm .. 




Ticonderoga 


Montcalm.. 






Quebec 


Montcalm .. 





Ofiicers who fought in the Revolutionary War 
and also in the War of 1812. 



Commodore Joshua Barney, 
General Henry Burbeck, 
General William Butler, 



General William Dearborn, 
General William Hull, 
General Andrew Jackson. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 



81 



Battles of the Revolution. 



Americin British When 

Where fought. Commanders. Conimaiiders. fought. 

1775. Lexington Parker Smith and I'itcairn... April 19 

Ticonderoga Allen De La Place May 10 

Crown Point Warner May 12 



Bunker Hill .. 

Queboo 

. Fort liloultrie. 



d^'hyV 
QdSir V 



June 17 
Dec. 31 



Aug. 27 
Oct. 28 



Prescott Howe and Clinton 

Montgomery Carlton 

Moultrie Clinton, aided 

Cornwallisan 
Peter Parker 

Long Island Putnam Howe and Clinton . 

White Plains McDougall Howe 

Fort Washington ... Magaw Howe Nov. 16 .. 

Trenton Washington Kahl Dec. 26 .. 

1777. Princeton Washington Mawhood Jan. 3 .. 

Ticonderoga St. Clair Burgoyne July 5 .. 

Fort Schuyler GanseToort -. St. Leger Aug. 3 .. 

Oriskany Herkimer Butler and Brandt ... Aug. 6 .. 

Bennington Stark Baum Aug. 16 .. 

Bennington Warner Breyman Aug. 16 .. 

Brandywine.... Washington Hov.e Sept. 11 .. 

Stillwater (1st) Gates Burgoyne Sept. 19 .. 

Germantown Washington Howe On. 4 .. 

Stillwater (2d) Gates Burgoyne Oct. 7 .. 

Fort Mifflin Smith 1 Nov. 10 .. 

Fort Mercer Christoph. Greene .. Donop Oct. 22 .. 

1778. Monmouth Washington Clinton June2S .. 

Wyoming Col. Zeb. Butler John Butler July 4 ., 

Rhode Island Sullivan Pigot Aug. 29 .. 

Cherry Valley Brandtand W.Butler Nov. 11 .. 

Savannah Pvobert Howe Campbell Dec. 29 .. 

1779. Sunbury Major Lane Prevost Jan. 9 ., 

Port Royal Moultrie Gardiner Feb. 3 ., 

Kettle Creek Pickens Boyd Feb. 14 .. 

Brier Creek Ash Prevost March 3 . 

Stono Ferry Lincoln Maitland June 20 . 

Stony Point Wayne John.^on July 15 ., 

_, , , f Lovell and Salton- 1 McLeau and Col- ") t i or 

I'e^o^^^o* i stall, i liers, j July 25 . 

PaulusHook Lee Sutherland Aug. 19 ., 

^, c IT (Sir John Johnson") . „„ 

Cbemung Sullivan | and Brandt, | Aug. 29 . 

riamboro Head Jones Pearson Sept. 2.3 . 

Savannah Lincoln Prevost Oct, 

1780. Monk's Corner Huger 

Charleston Lincoln ."Clinton May 12 . 

Waxhaw Buford Tarleton May 29 . 

Springfield Greene Knyphausen June 23 . 

Rocky Mount Sumpter Col. Trumbull July 30 . 

Hanging Rock Sumpter Col. Irwin Aug. 6 . 

'fiTS'o?'(S^',} «='- '^"°-"- *>■«• " • 

Fishing Creek Sumpter Tarleton Aug. 18 . 

King's Mountain ... Campbell Ferguson Oct. 7 . 

Broad River Sumpter Wemyss Nov. 12 . 

Blackstocks Sumpter Tarleton Nov. 20 . 

1781. Cowpens Morgan Tarleton .Tan. 17 . 

Guilford C.n Greene Cornwallis Mar. 15 . 

Ilobkirk's Hill Greene Rawdon April 25 . 

Ninety-Six Greene Crugar June 18 . 

Fort Griswold Ledj'ard Arnold and Eyre Sept. 6 . 

Eutaw Spiings Greene Stuart Sept. 8 . 

Yorktown {^^S^, -^} Cornwallis Oct. 17 . 

7 * 



Party 

successful. 

. Amer's. 
, Amer's. 
, Amer's. 
. British. 
. British. 



June 28 ... Amer's. 



f Webster, Ferguson, 
\ and Tarleton, 



JAprilU 



British. 

Indecis. 

British. 

Amer's. 

Amer's. 

British. 

Amer's. 

Indians 

Amer's. 

Amer's. 

British. 

Amer's. 

British. 
. Amer's. 

British. 

Amer's. 
, Amer's. 
. British. 
, Auier's. 
. British. 
. Briti.sh. 
. British. 
, Auier's. 
. Amer's. 
. British. 
. Iiritish. 
. Amer's. 

. British. 

. Amer's. 

. Amer's. 

. Amer's. 
. British. 

. British, 

. British. 
. British. 
. Amer's. 
. British. 
. Amer's. 

. British. 

. British. 
. Amer's. 
. Amer's. 
. Amer's. 
. Amer's. 
. British. 
. British. 
. British. 
. British. 
. Indecis. 

. Amer's, 



82 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 



g *^ 









I-* h-t tCMbOI-'l-'MI-'K) 






all 



fc-'OWSOO^OOOOO 

"> O 3-g o £.£ O O § O O 



s" — w s r* XT '"^ 



- M -^ B^."2 



2. *" o* o o" o" 2 

05 <) O O O O Oq 
ro -a T3 -B >0 ■ 



I 2. 2. 5. o" 2. 2. 0" 2. 2. 2. 2. 
; Cfs aq J9 o 3q rjq o aq aq 35 .'jq 






s^ ^-^-^io 



, OJ ; J^ ; J:;. p 



2. S E ^ o o 2. 2. o 2. <i 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2 



— Z,.i^-^ o o .J. »;. o — . <] „. ^^. — „. „. 

<R "^ "^ ffi ,2 ^ ■J'i *.=! ^ tp 5 CR K I'i CR q^ ^_, >.-. »., - - 






CP? 



S2S&%^: 5gg-i 






a ^ 



, S" p p" 2. 



53 h3W>t-it-iccy«-i- 

2 £ s s" B5 >5 (6 2 

2- ^2fo^^3 



o 

(-■• 

p 

I— ■ 




CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 



83 



Principal Land-Battles of the War of 1812. 



When fought. 


1812 


Aug. 


5 




Aug. 


9 




Oct. 


13 


1813 


Jan. 


22 




April 27 1 




May 


1 




May 


27 




May 


29 




Aug. 


2 




Oct. 


5 


1814 


Jan. 


27 




July 


5 




July 


25 




Aug. 


15 




Aug. 


24 




Sept. 


11 




Sept. 


12 




Sept. 13 1 


1815 


Jan. 


«l 



Where fought. 



Brownstown 

Brownstown 

Queenstown 

Frenchtown , 

York 

Fort Meigs 

Fort George 

Sackett's Harbor , 
Lower Sandusky , 

Thames 

Tohopeka 

Chippeway 

Bridgewater 

Fort Erie 

Bladeusburg 

Plattsburg 

North Point 

Fort McIIenry 

New Orleans 



Force engaged. 


Amer's. 


British. 


200 


800 


600 


800 


1000 


2500 


800 


1500 


1700 


1800 


1200 


2000 


4000 


1500 


1000 


1000 


160 


1300 


3500 


2000 


3500 


5000 


3600 


5000 


1600 


5000 


6000 


5000 


2000 


14,000 


3000 


7000 


1000 


N. F. 


6000 


12,000 



Tan Ilorne 

Miller 

A'an Rensselaer 

Winchester 

Pike 

Clay 

Dearborn 

Brown 

Croghan 

Harrison 

Jackson 

Brown 

Brown 

Gaines 

Winder 

Macomb 

Strieker 

.\rmstcad 

Jackson 



British 



Tecumseh.* 

Tecuniseh. 

Brock.* 

Proctor.* 

Sheaffe. 

Proctor. 

Prerost. 
Proctor. 
Proctor. 

Riall. 

Drummond. 

Drummond. 

Ross.* 

Prevost. 

Brooke. 

Cochrane. 

Packenbam. 



* The asterisks indicate the actions in which the British were successful. 



Principal Battles of the War with Mexico. 



When fought. 


Where fc-jght. 


Force engaged. 


Commanders. 


Anier's. 


Mex's. 


American. 


Mexican. 


1846. May 8 
May 9 
Sept. 24 
Dec. 25 

1847. Feb. 22 
Feb. . 28 
March 27 
April 18 
Aug. 20 
Aug. 20 
Sept. 8 
Sept. 13 
Sept. 14 


Palo Alto 

Resaca de la Palma 


2300 
2200 
6600 

900 
4759 

900 
12.000 
8.^.00 
4000 
9000 
3200 
7200 
7500 


6000 

6000 
10,000 

4000 
19.000 

4000 
10.000 
15,000 

7000 
30,000 
14,000 
20,000 
20,000 


Taylor.,.. 
Taylor.... 
Taylor.... 
Doniphan 
Taylor .... 
Doniphan 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Worth 

Scott 

Scott 


Arista. 
Arista. 
Ampudia. 
Ponce de Leon. 
Santa Anna. 
Trias. 
Morales. 
Santa Anna. 
Valencia. 
Santa Anna. 
Santa Anna. 
Santa Anna. 
Santa Anna. 


Bracito* 

Buena Yista 

Sacramento 


Cerro Gordo 


Contreras 

Churubusco 

Molinodel Key 

Chapul tepee 

City of Mexico 



*■ The Bracito (" Little Arm," so called from a bend in the river near the place,) is on 
tlie east bank of the Rio Grande, 200 miles north of Chihuahua. 



84 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 
Settlements and Admissions of the States. 



1565 
1594 
1607 
1614 
1620 
16:33 
1624 
1625 
1627 
1633 

1634 

1636 

1663 
1669 
1670 
1670 

1682 

1685 
1690 
1690 
1699 
1711 
1716 
1720 
1725 
1733 
1757 
1764 
1769 
1775 
1788 
1811 
1833 
1846 
1848 



States and 
Territories. 



Florida 

New Mexico.... 

Virginia 

New York 

Massachusetts. 
N. Elampshire. 

New Jersey 

Maine 

Delaware 

Connecticut.... 

Maryland 

Rhode Island .. 

North Carolina 

Wisconsin 

Michigan 

South Carolina 

Pennsylvania 

Arkansas 

Texas 

Indiana 

Louisiana 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

Vermont 

Georgia 

Tennessee 

Missouri 

California 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Iowa 

Minnesota 

Utah 



Where settled. 



St. Augustine 

Santa ¥e 

Jamestown 

Manhattan 

Plymouth 

Dover 

Bergen 

Bristol 

Cape Ilenlopen 

Windsor 

St. Mary's } 

Providence < 

Albemarle 

Green Bay 

Detroit 

Port Royal 

Philadelphia < 

Arkansas Post 

San Antonio de Bexar 

Vincennes 

Iberville 

Mobile 

Natchez 

Kaskaskia 

Fort Dummer 

Savannah 

Fort Loudon 

St. Louis 

San Diego 

Boonesboro 

Marietta 

Astoria.... 

Burlington 

St. Paul 

Salt Lake City 



By whom. 


Joined the Confederacy 
at what time. 


Spaniards 


Admitted 1845 








One of the orig. States. 




English Puritans 


« li li 


English 


11 (I 11 


Dutch and Danes 


11 I. « 


English 


Admitted 1820. 


Swedes and Finns 


One of the orig. States. 


Em from Mass. ... 


(( « (( 


Rom. Catholics, ) 




under Lord > 


t( « « 


Baltimore, S 




Baptists under) 
Roger Williams j 


(C (( (( 




English 


il 11 11 


French 


Admitted 1848. 


French 


» 1837. 


English 


One nf the oriir .Sfq+pQ 


English, under) 
Wm. Penn, J 


« 11 li 




French 


Admitted 1S36 


Spaniards 


" 1845. 


French 


" 1816. 


French 


" 1812. 


French 


" 1819 


French 


" 1817 


French 


" 1818. 


Em. from Mass 


" 1791. 


English 


One of the orig. States. 


Em. from N. Ca. ... 


Admitted 1796. 


French 


1821. 


Spaniards 


" 18,50. 


D. Boone and asso. 


" 1792. 


Em. from N. Eng. 


« 1802. 


Em. irom N. York 




Em. from N. Eng. 


1846. 


Em. from N.Eng. 




Mormon Em 





American Inventions. 

Invention of the Quadrant, by Thomas Godfrey, about 1730. 

Invention of the Lightning-Rod, by Benjamin Franklin, about 1753. 

Invention of the Franklin Stove, by Betijamiu Franklin, about 1753. 

Invention of the Cotton-Gin, by Eli Whitney, about 1790. 

Invention of the machine for making Cards", by Whittemore. 

Application of Steam to Navigation, by i'itch and Fulton, "in 1790 and 1807. 

In 1790, Fitch succeeded in propelling a boat by steam at the rate of eight miles an 
hour. The following advertisement, taken from the daily papers of that period, affords 
indubitable proof of this fact : 

"THE STEAMBOAT 
Is now ready to take passengers, and is intended to set off from Arch Street Ferry, in 

Philadelphia, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, for Burlington, Bristol, Bor- 

dentown, and Trenton, to return Tuesd.ays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. Price for 

passengers, 2s. &d. to Burlington and Bristol, 3s. M. to Bordentown, 5s. to Trenton." 

—Taken from '' Pcnnsijlmnia raclel," of June 15, 1790, and '^Federal Gazette,''' June 

14, 1790. See " Life of Fitch," just published. 
[No less than 23 advertisements, specifying 31 trips, are found in the papers.] 

Invention of the Electric Telegraph, by S. B. Morse. [The first successful Electric 
Telegraph was erected between Baltimore and Washington in 1844.] 

Invention of the Orrery, by David Rittenhouse. [See page 67, Part Second.] 



CAUSES OF THE WARS 



The Pequod War. 
1637. 

In 1637, tte Peqxiods, a tribe of Indians inhabiting Connecticut, seeing the 
steady increase of the whites in number and power, determined to attempt 
their total destruction. They failed in their endeavors to form an alliance 
with the Narragansetts and Mohegans, and, by the skilful management of 
Captain John Mason, were totally defeated. The war was ended the same 
year by the destruction of the tribe. 



King Philip's War. 
1675 — 1676. 

The treaty of peace made with Massasoit, the Sachem of the Wampanoags, 
and the iettlers at Plymouth, in 1621, was preserved inviolate until his death 
in 1662. Soon after this event, his two sons, Alexander and Philip, were sus- 
pected of hostile intentions towards the English. The colonists considered 
that Philip had, for many years previous to the war, designed their destruc- 
tion ; but later and more impartial historians assert that Philip was friendly 
to the English, but was forced into the war by the ardor of the young men 
of the tribe, against his own judgment, and that of his counsellors. The 
war was ended by his death in 1676. 



King William's War. 
1689—1697. 

James II. succeeded his brother Charles II, in 1685. During his short 
reign, he rendered himself odious to the people, by levying taxes without the 
consent of Parliament — suspending the penal laws by which conformity to 
the established religion was enforced — opening dijilomatic relations with the 
Pope, which was declared a treasonable offence by English laws — and mani- 
festing, in various ways, his determination to re-establish the Roman Catholic 
religion in England. 

In 1688, the people, seeing no hope of redress, revolted, and offered the 
crown to William, Prince of Orange, who had married Mary, the eldest 
daughter of James. In 1688, WUliam landed in England at the head of a 

(85) 



86 CAUSES OF THE WARS. 

largo army, and was received with such general satisfaction, that James fled 
to France. Soon after, Parliament declared William and Mary joint sove- 
reigns of England. The king of France, Louis XIV. (1642-1715,) espoused 
the cause of James, and thus England and France were again engaged in 
war, which was not ended until the Treaty of Ryswick, in 1697. As the 
Revolution, which compelled James to abdicate, established the principle that 
none but a Protestant can succeed to the throne of England, it is commonly 
called " The Glorious Revolution." 

Principal Events. — Battle of Killiecrankie, 1689; Battle of the Boyne, 1690; 
Phipps' unsuccessful expedition against Canada ; burning of Schenectady. 



Queen Anne's War; or, the War of tlie Spanish Succession. 
1702—1713. 

On the death of Charles 11. of Spain, there were two claimants to the 
throne : Charles, Archduke of Austria, and Philip of Anjou, nephew of Louis 
XIV., king of France. The Spanish monarch, though really in favor of his 
kinsman, the Archduke, was induced by bribery to assign his crown to the 
Duke of Anjou. The fear that the crowns of France and Spain might be 
united by the accession of a Bourbon, induced England, Austria, and Hol- 
land, to unite against France in a league, known as the " Triple Alliance." 
WUliam III., of England (1689-1702), having died while preparing to take 
the field in person. Queen Anne determined to adhere to the policy of her 
predecessor. The war was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht. 

Principal Events. — The taking of Gibraltar, 1704; Battles of Blenheim, 
1704; RamiUies, 1706; Oudenarde, 1708; Malplaquet, 1709. 



King George's War; or, the War of the Austrian Succession. 
1744—1748. 

King George's War, or, " The Old French and Indian War," (called, in 
Europe, "The War of the Austrian Succession,") did not commence in 
America until 1744, though it had existed in Europe since 1741. 

In 1740, the Emperor of Austria died, and a dispute as to tlie succession 
immediately arose. Previous to his death, Charles VI. had named his 
daughter, Maria Theresa, as his successor, and had obtained the consent of 
all the powers of Europe in a general treaty, called the "Pragmatic Sanction." 
Notwithstanding this agreement, numerous claimants arose, among which 
the most important were the Elector of Bavaria and the King of Spain. 
France espoused the cause of Spain, while England offered her aid to Maria 
Theresa. The war was ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Principal Events. — Battle of Dettingen, 1743; Battle of Fontenoy, Preston 
Pans, 1745; Culloden Moor, 1746; capture of Louisburg and Cape Breton. 



CAUSES OF THE WARS. 87 

The French and Indian War ; or, the Seven Years' War. 
1755—1763. 

The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was but a suspension of hostilities. Both 
France and England restored all conquests made by them, and the long dis- 
puted boundaries of their colonial possessions in America remained unsettled. 
Looking at the grants made by the sovereigns of France and England, it will 
be seen that the same territory was frequently claimed by both countries. 
The French grant to De Monts, in 1603, conveyed to him the entire territory 
from 40° to 46" N. Lat., and westward to the Pacific Ocean j this was one 
degree south of New York City: while the English grant to the Plymouth 
Company extended from 41° to 45° N. Lat., all of which was included in the 
previous grant to De Monts. 

The English claimed the whole country from Newfoundland to Florida, by 
virtue of the early discovery of the Cabots ; and had established their chiim 
westward to the Pacific, by irumerous grants, previous to any French settle- 
ment. The French claim was founded upon the exploration and actual occu- 
pation of the country. The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris, in 1763. 



The Eevolutionary War. 
1775 — 1783. 
The Revolutionary War originated in the attempt of Great Britain to 
govern the Colonies in an arbitrary manner, entirely for the benefit of the 
mother country; while the colonists maintained the great principle that 
" Taxation and representation are inseparable." The Navigation Acts 
(1651, 1663), • the restrictions on free trade between the Colonies (1672); the 
imposition of duties on sugar and molasses (1733); the passage of the Stamp 
Act; the duties laid on tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors; the maintaining 
of standing armies to enforce these obnoxious laws; the removal of persons, 
charged with crime, to England for trial; the obstacles which were continually 
opposed to the administration of justice in the local courts : these, and many 
other causes set forth in the Declaration of Independence, were continually 
exasperating the people, alienating their affections, and preparing them for 
resistance and revolution. The war was ended by the definitive Treaty of 
Paris,, in 1783. 



Three Years' War; or, The War of 1813. 
1812 — 1815. 

The causes of the war of 1812 must be sought nearly as far back as the 
close of the Revolution. During the wars of Napoleon, serious injuries were 
iiiflicted by both England and France on American commerce. In 1793. 
Eii gland issued an order in Council, authorizing the capture of any vessel 
hiden with French colonial produce, or canning supplies for any of the French 
colonies. England also insisted on her right to board any vessel suspected 



83 CAUSES OF THE WARS. 

of having deserters from the British service, and to cany them off by force. 
Though the treaty of 1794 left these primary difficulties unsettled, yet, as it 
granted some other important privileges, the hostile feeling which so seriously 
threatened war was in some degree allayed; hut England, in 1806, jealous of 
the increase of American commerce, declared as her policy, that " the neutral 
has no right, by an extension of trade, to afford supplies to the belligerents, 
to ward off the blows of an enemy." Many American vessels, under this law, 
were seized, carried into British ports, and condemned. NotAvithstanding the 
remonstrance of the United States, in 1806, England declared a blockado 
against the coast of France; and, the following year, prohibited neutrals from 
trading with France or her allies. Under these oppressive acts, property to 
the amount of more than $2,000,000 was seized by a nation with whom we 
were at peace. The impressment of American seamen, claimed as deserters 
from the British service, or as British subjects owing allegiance to Great 
Britain, was another cause of the most bitter and hostile feelings. As the 
two nations resemble each other in appearance, and use the same language, 
it was impossible to determine whether a man belonged to Great Britain or 
not, and it was proved that no less than nine thousand American seamen were 
seized by Great Britain previous to 1812. 

The war was ended by the Treaty of Ghent, in 1815. It is a singular fact 
that no mention was made in the treaty of the principal causes of the war, 
the rights of neutrals, and the impressment of seamen. The war on the Con- 
tinent being ended, England no longer needed such immense numbers of 
soldiers, and " the rights of neutrals " ceased to be a practical question. 



Tlie Mexican War. 
1846—1848. 

Mexico became independent of Spain in 1822; and, two years later, adopted 
a Constitution similar to that of the United States, but the Government 
remained a mere military despotism. Notwithstanding the acknowledgment 
of her independence by the United States, Mexico soon commenced a series 
of insults and injuries, for which redress was sought in vain by our Govern- 
ment. American citizens, engaged in lawful trade, were imprisoned, their 
property was seized, and our flag insulted in all the Mexican ports. 

The admission of Texas into the Union, while her independence was not 
yet acknowledged by the Mexican Government, and the question whether the 
boundary should extend to the Rio Grande, or only to the Nueces, were addi- 
tional causes of hostility. Mexico assigned three causes for the war: 1st. The 
annexation of Texas ; 2d. The invasion of territory claimed as belonging to 
Mexico ; 3d. The invasion of territory in her actual possession. 



MOVEMENTS OF THE ARMIES. 



"WasMngton's Army. 1775—1781. 

1775. — The American army, under Gen. Washington, assembled at Cambridge, Mass. 

1776. — In March; Dorchester Heights were fortified ; the British evacuated Boston, and 
went to Halifax. Fearing their destination was New York, the American army marched 
thither, and arrived in April. The British arrived June 25th, and, having been re-in- 
forced by Admiral Howe from England, and Clinton and Cornwallis from Charleston, 
attacked the Americans at Long Island, August 27th. The latter were defeated, and 
retreated to Harlem Heights, ulx)ve New York city. Tlie British entered New York, 
and, in October, stationed themselves in Westchester, fourteen miles north-east from 
that city. On the 28th a battle took place at White Plains, and Washington was com- 
pelled to retreat across the Hudson River. The British attacked Fort Washington, on 
tlie east side of the Hudson. Fort Lee, on the west side, surrendered, and Washington 
retreated through the Jerseys, pursued by Cornwallis. The Americans crossed the 
Delaware, Dec. 8th, and the British stationed themselves on the east side, to a-wait the 
freezing of the river. Dec. 25th, Washington re-crossed the Delaware, fought the Battle 
of Trenton, and again re-crossed to Philadelphia. The British were at Trenton and 
Princeton. 

1777. — The American army re^crossed the Delaware, and took post at Trenton. Jan. 3, 
fought the Battle of Princeton. The Americans went into winter-quarters at Morris- 
town, and the British at New Brunswick. In May, AYashington removed to Middle- 
brook, and, in June, the British went to Staten Island and New York. In July, the 
British sailed for Chesapeake Bay. Washington marched through New Jersey and 
Pennsylvania, and met them at Brandywine, where he was defeated, Sept. 11th, The 
Americans retreated to Philadelphia, and then up the Schuylkill River: first to Potts- 
grove, and then to Skippack Creek. The British, under Cornwallis, entered Philadel- 
phia. Sept. 26th, and the main army, under Howe, encamped at Germantown. Oct. 4th, 
Washington attacked the British, but was defeated. In Dec, the Americans went into 
■winter-quarters at Valley Forge, and the British at Philadelphia. 

1778. — In June, the British evacuated Philadelphia, and marched towards New York. 
The Americans pursued, and defeated them at Monmouth, New Jersey. The American 
army went to White Plains. A detachment, under Gen. Sullivan, defeated the Biitish 
in Rhode Island, Aug. 29th. In November the American army went into winter-quarters 
at Middlebrook; the British were in New York. A large force was sent to the South, 
vmder Col. Campbell, to reduce the southern provinces. 

1779.— There was no movement of the main armies. Various predatory expeditions 
■were undertaken by tlie British. Wayne took Stony and Verplanck's Points, and con- 
ducted an expedition against the Indians of the Chemung or Tioga River. 

17S0. — Sir Henry Clinton, and the main body of the British army, went to the South, 
and returned in June. [See " Jlovements of the Southern Army."j The same month 
they attacked Springfield, N. J., but were repulsed, and compelled to return to N.York. 

1781. — Washington, having led Clinton to believe that he was about to attack New 
York, marched to Virginia, where he defeated Cornwallis at Yorktown. 

I.-8 (89) 



90 MOVEMENTS OF THE ARMIES. 

Burgoyne's Army. 1777. 
In 1777, Gen. Burgoyne, having sent St. Leger, by way of Lake Ontario, to take Tort 
Schuyler, entereil the United States by way of Lake Champlain. He took Ticonderoga, 
July 4th ; proceeded down the Hudson, and reached Fort Edward, at Ihe mouth of the 
Mohawk River, July 30th; sent a detachment to Bennington, which was defeated; 
and, soon after, heard of the retreat of St. Leger from Fort Schuyler. Hoping for re- 
inforcements from Sir H. Clinton, Burgoyne crossed the Hudson, September 13th, and 
took post at Saratoga, where he was defeated, September 19th and October 7th, and 
surrendered October 17 th. 

The Southern Army. 1778—1781. 
Commanders — Howe, Lincoln, Gates, and Greene. 

1778.— The British determined to attempt the subjugation of the Southern Provinces. 
Colonel Campbell was sent against Savannah, and compelled the Americans, under 
Howe, to retreat. Lincoln was appointed to the command of the Southern army, in 
September, and arrived at Charleston in December. Howe joined the Northern army. 

1779. — Lincoln's army remained on the Savannah, and, in March, a detachment, 
under Ash, was defeated at Brier Creek. In April, Lincoln, hearing that Prevost was 
advancing to attack Charleston, hastened to its relief. June 20th, the Americans were 
repulsed at Stono Ferry by Col. Maitland. The British, finding the heat excessive, 
went to Port Royal Island and Savannah. Lincoln, with an army of only 800 men, 
remained near Charleston. Oct., D'Estaing and Lincoln were repulsed from Savannah. 

1780. — Gen. Clinton, under convoy of Admiral Arbuthnot, having left New York, in 
December, 1779, for the South, arrived in Georgia in January, and commenced the 
siege of Charleston. April 1st. Gen. Lincoln surrendered himself and army. May 12th. 
In June, Clinton returned to New York, leaving Cornwallis, with a large army, in com- 
mand. De Kalb became Commander-in-chief of the American forces until July 25th, 
when Gates, who had been appointed by Congress, arrived. Aug. 16th, he was defeated 
at the first battle of Camden; the army was almost totally destroyed, and Gates fled to 
Charlotte. In December, Greene was appointed Commander-in-chief, in place of Gates. 

1781. — Greene took command of the army in South Carolina, and dispatched General 
Morgan to the western part of the State. He defeated Col. Tarleton at Cowpeus, and 
was closely pursued by Cornwallis, but succeeded in crossing the Catawba River, Jan. 
29th. Greene, having left the main part of his army on the Pedee River, in the eastern 
part of the State, joined Morgan, Jan. 31st, and took the command of the army. They 
next crossed the Yadkin, then the Dan River, when Cornwallis abandoned the pursuit, 
and went to llilLsboro', and the Americans to Tirgiuia. In February, Greene re-entered 
North Carolina, and, having been re-inforced. fought the Battle of Guildford Court- 
House, March 15th. Cornwallis went to Virginia, and Greene marched to South Caro- 
lina, and took post at Hobkirk's Hill, where he was defeated, April 25th. The Britiish 
retreated to Eutaw Springs. The Americans went to Fort Granby, and besieged Ninety- 
Six, May 22d. Lord Rawdon marched to the relief of Crugar, and Greene determined 
to assault the fort, which he did, June 18th, but raised the siege on the 19th. Greene 
retired in July to the heights beyond the Santee River. The British army was star 
tioned at Orangeburg, under Colonel Stewart, Lord Rawdon having gone to England. 
Sept. 8th, an indecisive battle was fought at Eutaw Springs, when the British aban- 
doned the open country, and retired to Charleston and Savannah. 

Taylor's and Scott's Armies. 

[For movements of Gen. Taylor's army in the Mexican War, see "Zachary Taylor," 
Part Second, Historical Companion, page 72.] 

[For movements of General Scott's army in the Mexican War, see " WinfieJd Scott," 
Part Second, IlisLorical Companion, page 68.] 



APPENDIX, 



Formation of State Constitutions by the Thirteen Colonies. 

In May, 1776, Congress recommended the Colonies to form State Governments. New 
Hampshire had already formed a State Government. The Charters of Connecticut and 
Rhode Island were considered sufficiently republican. New Jersey adopted a Constitu- 
tion, July 2d; Virginia, July 5th ; Pennsylvania, July 15th; Maryland, August 14th; 
Delaware, September 20th ; North Carolina, December 18th ; Georgia, February 5th, 1777; 
New York, April 20th; South Carolina, March 19th, 1778; and Massachusetts, Septem- 
ber Istj 1779. 

Cities held by the British. 

Boston.— The British fortified Boston in 1775, and evacuated it, March 17th, 1776. 

New York. — The British entered New York, after the Battle of Long Island, August, 
1776, and evacuated it, November 25th, 1783. 

PniLABELPKiA. — The British took possession of Philadelphia, after the Battle of Brandy- 
wine, September, 1777, and evacuated it, June, 1778. 

Charleston. — The British made an unsuccessful attack on Charleston, June, 1776; 
in May, 1779, Prevost appeared before the town, but the approach of Lincoln compelled 
bim to retreat; Clinton took it,TMay, 1780; and the British evacuated it, Dec. 14th, 1782. 

Savannah. — The British took Savannah, December 29th, 1779; in October, 1780, 
D'Estaing and Lincoln attempted to retake it, but were unsuccessful; the British evar 
cuatedit, July nth, 1782. 

Acknowledgment of American Independence. 

The Independence of the United States was acknowledged by France, February 6th, 
1778; by Holland, 1782; Gx-eat Britain, November, 1782; Sweden and Denmark, Febru- 
ary, 1783; Spain, March, 1783; llussia, July, 1783. 



Constitution of the United States. 

After the close of the Revolutionary War, it became evident that the Articles of Con- 
federation were insufficient; that a closer union must be effected, and greater power 
conferred on Congress. 

In September, 1786, commissioners from New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Dela- 
ware, Maryland, and Virginia, assembled at Annapolis for the purpose of establishing 
a better system of commercial regulations. After deliberating some time, they pro- 
posed to Congress that a general Convention, from all the States, should be called for 
the purpose of revising the Articles of Cnnfederalinn. In May, 1787. dologntes from all 
the States, except Rhode Island, assembled in Philadelphia (George Washington, Presi- 
dent); but, instead of revising the Articles of Confederation, on the 17th of S(!ptL'mb('r, 
1787, they presented to Congress a new Constitution. It was conip(\«ed of seven 
Articles, and provided (Article YII.), " That the ratification of the Conventions of nine 

(91) 



92 APPENDIX. 

States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution, between the States 
so ratifying the same." Cong;ress soon after sent the Constitution to each of the States 
for their approval or disapproval, and it was ratified as follows: Delaware, December 
7th, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12th ; New Jersey, December 18th; Georgia, Janu- 
ary 'id, 1788; Connecticut, January 9th ; Massachusetts, February 7.th; Maryland, April 
28th; South Carolina, May 23d; New Hampshire, June 21st; Virginia, June 27th; New 
York, July 26th. Eleven States having ratified the Constitution, Congress adopted 
it, September 13th, 1788, and it consequently became the law of the assenting States. 
North Carolina ratified it, November 21st, 1789; and Rhode Island, May 29th, 1790. 



Boundaries of the United States. 

1783.— The Treaty in 1783 defined the limits of the United States to be the great chain 
of lakes on the north, the Mississippi River on the west, and Florida (restored to Spain 
by England the same year.) on the south. The boundary between the United States 
and Florida was the St. Mary's River to its source, thence in a straight line west to the 
point where the Flint unites with the Apalachicola River, thence up the Apalachicola 
to the parallel of 31° North Latitude, thence due west on that parallel to the Missis- 
sippi River. 

1S03. — The northern and southern boundaries were the same as in 1783. By the 
purchase of Louisiana, the western boundary was extended to Mexico and the Rocky 
Mountains. The limits of the Louisiana Territory were not definitely settled until 
1819, when its northern boundary was defined to be the 49th degree of North Latitude: 
the boundary between it and Mexico was the Sabine River, from the latter to the Red 
River, thence along the Red River to 100° Longitude west from Greenwich, north to 
the Arkansas River, which it followed to the 42d parallel, and thence westward to the 
South Sea, or the Pacific Ocean. 

1819. — The northern and western boundaries were the same as in 1803; the southern 
boundary, by the cession of Florida, was the Gulf of Mexico. 



Carron De Beaumarchais ; or, "Roderique, Hortales & Co." 

In 1775, Congress appointed a " Committee of Secret Correspondence," to open diplo- 
matic relations with foreign countries. In 1776, Arthur Lee, who was in London, was 
informed by Carron De Beaumarchais, special agent of the French Government, that 
the king desired to send arms, ammunition, and specie, secretly to the Americans. 
Arrangements were made, with Deane and Lee, ostensibly for a common business trans- 
action, under assumed names; Beaumarchais, as "Roderiquc, Hortales & Co.," and 
Lee, as " Mary Johnson." The king ordered a million of livres (or $185,000,) to be paid 
to Beaumarchais from the public treasury, to be sent to the Americans as "gratuitous 
assistance from the free generosity of the king," while, at the same time, he assured 
the British ambassador that he had no agency in the matter. In 1778, when Beaumar- 
chais perceived that France would aid the United States openly, he sent an agent to 
demand from Congress full payment for everything they had received, amounting to 
$730,000! The agent brought a letter fi-om Silas Deane, intimating that the claim was 
a just one. Notwithstanding their financial difiSculties, Congress paid $20,000 of the 
claim, and sought an explanation of the French monarch, who coolly denied all know- 
ledge of the transaction. $400,000 was paid to Beaumarchais, but he still pressed his 
claim, until, in 1794, it was discovered that he had actually received from the then 
decapitated king, the million of livres given to the Americans in 1776. Notwithstand- 
ing this, Beaumarchais received from the United States the balance of his claim. 



APPENDIX. 93 

"Convention Troops;" or, Burgoyne's Army. 

The troops of Biirgoyne, surrendered in 1777, numbered 5792, of whom 2412 were 
Germans and Hessians. Such was their distress, previous to their surrender, that it 
was impossible to obtain even water. The camp was entirely surrounded by the forces 
under General Gates, and every man who went to the river for water became a target 
for the sure marksmen of the Americans. At last they resorted to the expedient of 
Bending a woman, of whom a great number were in the camp, and not a gun was fired. 
In the "convention," signed by Burgoyue and Gates, it was agreed that Burgoyne's 
army should march from their camp with the honors of war, leaving the artillery and 
arms on the Hudson Kiver; that the army should march to Boston, and not be detained 
when transports should arrive; that every care should be taj^en for the subsistence of 
the troops; that officers, during their stay, should be admitted to "parole," and allowed 
to wear their side-arms. 

In consideration of the feelings of the vanqviished army, none witnessed the laying 
down of their arms, except Col. AVilkinson. Immediately afterwards. Gen. Burgoyne, 
with Adjutant-General Kingston, and his aids, Captain Lord Petersham and Lieuteuant 
"Witford. were introduced to General Gates, when the whole party partook of a repast 
at the latter's head-quarters. After dinner, the American army was drawn up in two 
parallel lines, extending nearly a mile in length, between which the British army, pre- 
ceded by two mounted officers bearing the American flag, marched to the tune of 
" Yankee Doodle." Gen. Burgoyne, in the presence of both armies, presented his sword 
to Gen. Gates, who courteously returned it. The Bi-itish army then took up their line 
of march towards Boston. Their advent into Cambridge is thus described by Mrs. Win- 
throp : "The sight was truly astonishing. I never had the least idea that the creation 
produced such a sordid set of creatures in human figure — poor, dirty, emaciated men. 
Great numbers of women, who seemed to be the beasts of burden, having bushel-baskets 
on their backs, by which they were bent nearly double. The contents of the baskets 
were pots and kettles, various kinds of furniture, children peeping through gridirons 
and other utensils, and some very young infants. The women were barefooted, and 
clothed in dirty rags. Such effluvia filled the air that, had the men not been smoking 
all the time, I should have feared contamination." 

Although Congress ratified the terms entered into by Gen. Gates, many circumstances 
induced them to resolve not to allow the troops to leave the country. Gen. Burgoyne 
alone was permitted to go home, and the other officers, with the army, were marched 
to Tirginia, in November, 1778. It was a dreary journey of 70n miles, and took three 
months to accomplish it. When they arrived, they were quartered ia the woods near 
Charlottosburg, in unfinished huts, half filled with snow, and, for more than a week, 
subsisted on corn-meal. Gen. Phillips (the commander), and Gen. Riedesel, found com- 
fortable quarters at neighboring plantations, and exerted themselves to provide for the 
wants of the soldiers. Mr. Jefferson, Colonel Bland, and many others, did all in their 
power to ameliorate their condition. 

Prisoners of the Eevolution. 

It is scarcely possible to conceive of suffering more intense than that endured by the 
captive patriots of the Revolution. At the close of 1776, the prisoners taken at Long 
Island and Fort Washington, with those arrested on suspicion of being Whigs, amounted 
to nearly 5000. These were crowded into the jails, sugar-houses, and churches, of New 
York city. In some cases they were so closely packed together that, when they lay 
down to sleep on the hard plank floor, no one could change his position without all 
turning at once. Thus for months, and even years, persons accustomed to all ihe 
luxuries of life, dragged out a miserable existence, with scarcely enough food to eat, 



94 APPENDIX. 

and that of the coarsest kind — exposed to the most intense cold in winter, and the 
stifling air of the crowdud apartments in summer. Many were hanged at night, with- 
out the slightest form of trial, by the brutal commanders, Cunningham, Sproat, and 
Lennox. In the Sugar-House, in Liberty Street, in 1777, the sufferings of the prisoners 
were beyond the power of words to describe. " In the suffocating heat of summer," 
says Dunlap, "I saw every aperture of those strong walls filled with human heads, face 
above face, seeking a portion of the external air. Disease broke out among them, and 
a dozen or more died every day. Their bodies were carried away in carts, and cast into 
the ditches and morasses beyond the city limits." 

Prison Ships. 

The first ships used for prisons were the transport vessels, in which cattle and stores 
had been brought; afterwards the hulks of decaying ships were anchored in the Walla- 
bout, and, in these, thousands of soldiers experienced a living death. The name of one 
of them, the "Jersey," has become a synonym for suffering; among the patriots it was- 
usually styled the " hell." No matter whaA the rank or condition of the prisoner, he 
was placed in the hold of the vessel, frequently with a thousand others, covered with 
filthy rags, and oftentimes swarming with vermin. Their food was unwholesome and 
disgusting. During the day they were allowed to remain on deck, but, at sunset, were 
ordered below with imprecations and oaths; the hatches were closed; and, amid the 
putrid and stifling heat, many, each night, laid down to sleep their last sleep. Every 
morning the first order was, " Rebels ! bring out your dead." A hole was dug in the 
sand, and the bodies deposited, frequently to be washed out again by the action of the 
waves — the ghastly remains presenting a hideous spectacle to the survivors, who 
watched them with painful interest from their floating prisons. 

Before the close of the war, death, exchanges, and escapes, had so thinned the ranks 
of the prisoners that, when peace was proclaimed, but few remained to be benefited by 
the provisions of the treaty. 



Frencli Explorations. 

In 1673, Frontenac, Governor of Canada, sent Father Marquette and M. Joliet, with 
five other Frenchmen, to seek for a river which was said to flow southwardly into the 
Gulf of Mexico, and to make such other discoveries as circumstances would permit. 
Leaving Green Bay, they sailed up the Fox River; took their canoes on their shoulders, 
and walked until they came to the Wisconsin River, which they descended, and soon 
entered the broad Mississippi. They visited the Indians on its shores, as far south as 
the Arkansas River, and returned to JMichigan by way of the Illinois River, Thence 
Marquette returned to the Miami Indians, among whom he continued as a missionary 
nntil his death, in 1675. 

Robert de La Salle, stimulated by the representations of M. Joliet, offered to explore the 
Mississippi River to its mouth. At Fort Frontenac he constructed a vessel, and crossed 
the lake in the first ship that ever sailed on Lake Ontario. On Lake Erie he con- 
structed the "Griffin," on which, in August, 1679, he embarked with forty men, among 
whom was Father Hennepin. Passing through the lakes, he stopped at the Straits of 
Michilimackinac, where he erected a fort of the same name. Having collected a cargo 
of furs, he sent them to Canada in the Griffin, but the vessel was never heard of after- 
wards. La Salle then proceeded to the head of Lake Michigan, and descended the 
Illinois River; near which he erected a fort, and named it "Crevecceur" (broken heart), 
Indicative of his disappointment and ill-success. Hennepin explored the Upper Missis- 
sippi, and named the Falls of St. Anthony and the St. Francis, 



APPENDIX. 95 

In 16S2, La Salle harmg sjiiltd down the I\Tississippi Eiver to the Gulf of Mexico, and 
named the country Louisiana, returned to France to give an account of his discoveries 
to the sovereign. In 1684 he again sailed for Louisiana, for the purpose of forming a 
settlement. The colonists landed at Matagorda Bay, and, anxious to reach the Missis- 
sippi, La Salle departed for the purpose of reaching it by land, in 1687, hut was .shot by 
a discontented soldier. As the standard of France was first planted on Texas, that 
country was henceforth claimed as a part of Louisiana. In 1685 a Jesuit mission was 
established at Kaskaskia (now in Illinois), the oldest permanent European settlement 
in Upper Louisiana. 



Voyages and Discoveries, 

Pketious to the Settlement of Jamestown in 1607. 
JSxjKditions sent out hy Spain. 
1492. Columbus discovers America. 

1510. First European city in America, built by Balboa, on the Isthmus of Daricn. 
1512 Ponce de Leon discovers Florida. 
1513. Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean. 

1520. De Allyon visits Carolina. 

1521. Mexico conquered by the Spaniards under Cortez. 

1522. First voyage around the world performed by a ship of Magellan's squadron. 
1528. Narvaez attempts to conquer Florida. 

1532. Peru conquered by the Spaniards tinder Pizarro. 

1539. De Soto undertakes the conquest of Florida. 

1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi Paver. 

1565. First permanent settlement in the U. States at St. Augustine, Fla., by Spaniards. 

1594. New Mexico settled at Santa Fe by the Spaniards. 

Expeditions sent out hy England. 

1497. The Cabots discover the continent of America. 

1498. Sebastian Cabot explores the coast from Labrador to Florida. 

15S3. Gilbert takes possession of Newfoundland in the name of Queen Elizalieth 

1584. Raleigh's first expedition lands at Roanoke, and names the country Tirginia. 

1585. Raleigh's second expedition, under Sir Richard Grenville, settles at Roanoke. 
1587. Raleigh's third expedition, under Captain White, fails for want of supplies. 

1602. Gosnold discovers and names Cape Cod. 

1606. James I. grants South Tirginia to the London Company, and North Virginia to 

the Plymouth Company. 

1607. First permanent English settlement in America at Jamestown. 

Expeditions sent out hy France. 

1524. Terrazani explores the coast from Florida to Labrador, and names the country 
New France. 

1534. Gulf and River St. Lawrence discovered by Cartier. 

1535. Cartier sails as far as Montreal, and takes possession of the country in the name 

of France. 
1562. Ribault builds Fort Carolina, at Port Royal, South Carolina, which was the first 

attempt to plant a colony in the United States. 
1564. French Protestants, under Laudonnier, settle inl'lorida. 

1603. De Monts receives from Henry IT., King of France, a grant of Aradia. 
1605. First permanent French settlement in America at Port Royal. 



DEFIE^ITIONS 



HISTORICAL AND MILITARY TERMS/ 



Abatis (ab'-a-tis). — Piles of trees, laid with the points outwards, in front of ramparts. 

Accoutrevients (ac-koo'-ter-ments). — Military dress and arms. 

Act of Indemnity. — A general pardon for persons who have been concerned in a rebellion. 

Adjutant. — An ofiicer whose business it is to assist the superior ofiBcers. 

Adjutant-General. — The chief Adjutant. 

Admiral. — A marine commander-in-chief. Vice-Admiral — Next in order to the Admiral. 
Rear-Adr.iiral—'^es.i in rank to the Yice-Admiral. 

Admiralty-Court. — A court for trying marine cases. 

Aid-de-camp (aid-de-kon). — An ofiicer who receives and communicates the orders of a 
general ofiicer. 

Alamo (a'-la-mo). — An elm tree. Fort Alamo — near San Antonio, Texas. 

Alliance. — A union between nations, contracted by compact, treaty, or league. 

Ally (al-ly', p?. al-lies'). — A province or State united by treaty or league; a confederate. 

Ambassador.— A minister of the highest rank, employed at a foreign court to represent 
the power and dignity of his own nation. 

Ambuscade. — Lying in wait for the purpose of attacking an enemy by surprise. 

Ammunition. — Military stores. In modern usage, the term is confined to the articles 
which are used in the discharge of fire-arms, and ordnance of all kinds — powder, balls, 
bombs, various kinds of shot, Ac. 

Amnesty. — A general pardon of the off'ences of individuals against the government. 

Armament. — A body of forces equipped for war. 

Armistice.— A temporary suspension of hostilities, for negotiation, or other purposes, gen- 
erally made by convention. A truce is usually by agreement between the commanders. 

Arms. — Weapons of offence. 

Army. — A collection or body of men armed for war. 

Artillery —Cannon, great guns, ordnance. In a more extended sense it includes all 
that belong to a train of artillery — carriages, horses, powdei", &c. 

Assault— A furious attempt of troops to enter and take a fortified place, by scaling the 
■walls, forcing the gates, and the like. 

Attainder. — By the common law of England, a deprivation of power to inherit or trans- 
mit property; the loss of all civil rights consequent on conviction for treason or 
felony. No attainder exists in the United States. 

Avant-guard. — The van or advanced guard. 

Bankrupt Law. — A law which, upon a bankrupt's surrendering all his property for the 
benefit of his creditors, discharges him from the payment of his debts. 

* Many terms will not be found here, because they are fully explained in the foot- 
notes, on the pages where they are first used. 

(90) 



HISTORICAL AND MILITARY TERMS. 97 

Battalion.— A. body of 500 to SOO infantry. 

Battery. — A pAapet thrown up to cover the gunners from the enemy's shot. 
Battle.— K " pitched battle" is one in which the armies are previously drawn up in form. 
Blockade. — The shutting up of a place, by posting hostile troops, or ships, at all the ave- 
nues, to prevent escape, and hinder supplies of provisions and ammunition from 

entering. 
Brevet. — A commission to an officer which entitles him to an honorary rank higher 

than that for which he draws pay. 
Brigade. — Any division of an army commanded by a brigadier. 

Bomb-shell. — A bomb, or globe, of iron, filled with powder, to be thrown from a mortar. 
Boimty. — A premium offered to induce men to enlist into the public service. 
Broadside.— A discharge of all the guns on the side of a ship, at the same time. 
Cabinet.— The select or secret council of a prince, or Executive Government; so called 

from the apartment in which it was originally held. 
Caliber. — The diameter of a body; the bore of a gun. 
Camp. — The ground on which an army pitch their tents. 
Ca,ynpaign.— The time that an army keeps the field, either in action, in marches, or in 

camp, without going into winter-quarters. 
Canister shot. — A great number of small bullets put into a cylindrical tin box. 
Cannon.-- Large military engines for throwing balls by the force of gunpowder — the 

balls weighing from four to fifty pounds. 
Cantonment. — A part of a town or village assigned to troops; separate quarters. 
Capitulation. — Commonly used in military language to signify the act of surrendering 

to an enemy upon stipulated terms, in opposition to surrendering at discretion. 
Captain. — A military officer who commands a company. 
Cartridge. — A case of pasteboard, or parchment, holding the charge for a cannon, 

musket, &c. Blank cartridges are those without balls. 
Cavalry. — A body of military troops on horses. 

Census. — An enumeration of the inhabitants taken by public authority. 
Charge. — "To charge," to rush on; to attack, especially with fixed bayonets. 
Charter. — A written instrument, executed with usual forms, given as evidence of a 

grant or contract. The charters, under which most of the colonies were settled, were 

given by the king, and incorporated certain persons, with power to hold lands granted, 

to establish a government, and make laws for their own regulation. These were called 

" Charter Governments." Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, were thus 

governed. 
Chevaux-de-fi'ise. — A piece of timber used to stop a passage. 

Colonel.— The chief commander of a regiment; the rank next below a Brigadier-General. 
Colony.— A company or body of people transplanted from one country to another, to 

cultivate and inhabit it, but remaining subject to the jurisdiction of the government 

from whence they came. A colony is sometimes called a province ; but, more properly, 

a province is a conquered country, while a colony is settled by citizens of the parent 

country. 
Column. — A large body of troops, drawn up in files, with a narrow front. 
Commissary. — An officer who supplies the army with provisions, clothing, &c. 
Commissary-Ceneral— The head of the commissary department. 
Commodore.— The officer who commands a squadron for a particular enterprise. 
Company. — The subdivision of a regiment commanded by a captain. 
Confiscate.— To adjudge to be forfeited to the public treasury. 
Constitution.— A system of fundamental rules, principles, and ordinances, for the 

government of a State or nation ; in free States, it is paramount to the Legislature, 

which, in the United States, is created, and its powers designated by the Constitution. 
Cons7d.—A^ person commissioned by a king, or government, to reside in a foreign country 

to protect the rights of the State. 



98 HISTORICAL AND MILITARY TERMS. 

Continental. — A word much used during the Revolution to designate that which pertained 
to the General Government, in contradistinction to that which belonged to each State. 

Continental money. — That which was issued by the General Goverameut. 

Continentals.— Ihe troops of the General Government. 

Convoy.— A. protecting force accompanying ships or property. 

Cm-net. — An officer of cavalry who bears the ensign of the troops. 

Corporal. — The lowest officer of a company of infantry, next below a sergeant. 

Corps (kore, pi. korz). — A body of troops ; any division of an army, as corps de reserve. 

Corsair. — A term applied, especially in the south of Europe, to a pirate. 

Countersign. — A military watchword, used thus : "Advance, and give the countersign." 

Definitive Treaty. — A treaty exactly defining the powers and rightsof eachof the parties, 
and the limits of the territory belonging to one or both. A definitive treaty is neces- 
sary where a colony becomes independent of the mother country, as in the case of 
the American colonies. 

Democratic Government. — Strictly speaking, this is one in which all the freemen meet 
for the transaction of the business of the Government. Of course, such a Government 
can exist only while the population is small ; when it increases, it necessarily becomes 
representative, as in Massachusetts in 163i. Commonly, it means " the Government 
of the people." 

Diplomacy. — The customs, rules, and privileges of ambassadors, envoys, and other rep- 
resentatives of princes and States at foreign courts. Skill in managing negotiations. 

Duties, or Customs, are taxes laid on goods, either imported or exported. Taxes on 
goods imported are properly called "imposts;" on goods exported, "duties;"' on goods 
manufactured, "excises." These are called "indirect taxes," because laid on the 
consumption of certain articles. " Direct taxes " are laid upon persons and property. 

Embargo.— K prohibition of ships to leave port. In commerce, the prohibition some- 
times extends to ships entering as well as leaving. 

Emigrant. — One who removes fi-om his native country to another, to settle in it. 

Engross. — To copy in a large, fair hand. A bill ordered to be engrossed has passed the 
body ordering it to be done. 

Ensign. — A banner or standard; the officer who carries the flag or colors. 

Envoy. — This term is usually applied to a public minister sent on a special occasion ; 
and, as such, is inferior to an ambassador or resident minister. Envoys are either 
ordinary or extraordinary, and the word may sometimes be applied to resident ministers. 

Evacuate. — To quit or withdraw from a place. 

Executive. — The power that executes the laws ; the President. 

Export or Exjjorts.— Goods sent out of the country. 

Ex post facto law. — A law passed after the act has been done. 

Extradition. — Delivery from one nation to another ; particularly applied to the deliveiy 
of fugitives from justice, by a State, in pursuance of a treaty. 

Federal. — Pertaining to a league; derived from an agreement or covenant between 
parties. Federal Government — the Government of the United States, formed by an 
agreement between the several States. Federal City — Washington. 

Federalist. — At the time of the adoption of the Constitution, the country was divided 
into two parties — called Federalists and Anti-Federalists, or Republicans. The Fede- 
ralists urged the necessity of concentrating great power in the Federal Government; 
while the Republicans, or Anti-Federalists, were in favor of reserving as much power 
as possible in the hands of the people and the individual States. Adams, Hamilton, 
and Jay, were prominent leaders of the Federalists; Madison and Jefferson, of the 
Republicans. The former were charged with favoring a monarchy, being enemies of 
Republicanism; the latter were accused of being infidels and Jacobins, and of enter- 
taining unnecessary hostility to England. 

J?'teM-J/«rs/iaL— The commander of an army; the highest military officer in England, 
except the Captain-General. 



HISTORICAL AND MILITARY TERMS. 99 

Field-officer. — Above the rank of captain, and below that of general ; as major, colonel, &c. 

Field-pkce. — A small cannon which is used on the field of battle. 

Field-tvorls. — Works thrown up in besieging or defending a place. 

File. — A row of soldiers from front to rear. 

Flag. — An ensign, or colors. To " strike the flag," is the sign of surrendering ; to hang 
out the white flag, is to manifest a friendly disposition ; the red flag is a sign of defiance. 

Flank. — The side of an army ; the extreme right or left. 

Flotilla. — A little fleet, or a fleet of small vessels. 

Forage. — Food of any kind for horses and cattle. 

Forhrn /tope.— Literally, a desperate case ; hence, a detachment of men appointed to lead 
an assault, or perform a service attended with great peril. 

Frigate.— A vessel-of-war, having, at least, one covered gun-deck and twenty-eight guns. 

Funding System. — A funding system provides that, on the creation of a public loan, 
funds shall immediately be formed, and secured by law, for the payment of the inte- 
rest until the State or Government redeems the whole, and also for the gradual 
redemption of the capital itself. This gradual redeeming of the principal is called 
the sinldng of the debt, and the fund appropriated for this purpose is called the 
" Sinking Fund." The national debt was extinguished for the first time in 1835. 

Furlough. — Leave of absence to a soldier. 

General, — The chief commander of an army. 

Grant. — A conveyance, in writing, of property that cannot pass by ivord only — as lands, 
rents, reversions, &c. The thing conveyed, by deed or patent. 

Grape shot. — A cluster of small shot confined in a bag. 

Grenadier. — A foot-soldier wearing a high cap; formerly, one who thre-w grenades. 

Habeas Corpus. — Literally, "have the body." A writ for delivering a person from falso 
imprisonment, or allowing a prisoner to be brought into court. 

High Seas. — The commou highway of nations, not belonging to any particular country. 

History. — An account of facts, particularly of those respecting nations or States. History 
differs from annals: the latter relate simply the events of each year, in exact chrono- 
logical order, without any observations of the annalist. History regards less strictly 
the arrangement of events, and admits the remarks of the writer. 

Honors of War. — Distinctions granted to a vanquished enemy — as of marching out 
from a camp, or entrenchment, with all the insignia of military etiquette. 

Ho.ttage.~A person delivered to an enemy as a pledge of the performance of certain 
stipulations. 

Immigrant. — A person removing into another countrj' for permanent residence. Some- 
times a distinction is made between emigrant and immigrant; the former signifying 
one who goes from a country— the latter, one who enters into a country: but this 
distinction is without authority. 

Impeachment. — An accusation against a public officer for m»l-adniinistration in office. 

Import or Imports. — Goods brought from one State or country into another. 

Imposts. — Any tax imposed by authority, but particularly on imports. 

Inaugurate. — To introduce into office with proper forms. 

Incursion.— lEnterlng into a territory with hostile intentions. Applied to the expedi- 
tions of SD3all parties for attack, plunder, or destrviction of some post. It differs from 
invasion, as that is the entering for conquest. 

Infantry.— So\d\(iTs that serve on foot, as distinguished from cavalry. 

Insolvent Law. — A law which exempts a debtor from arrest or imprisonment on account 
of his debts. 

Insurgent. — One who opposes the execution of a particular law, or laws. 

Insurrection.— The open and active opposition of a number of persons to the execution 
of law by a local or civil government. It is equivalent to sedition, except that sedition 
expresses a less extensive rising. It difl'ers from rehellion, for the latter expres.ses an 
attempt to overthrow the government, and to establish a dilTcreut one. It differs 



100 HISTORICAL AND MILITARY TERMS. 

from tnutiny, as insurrection has to do with the civil government alone; whereaB, 
mutiny is an open opposition to law. either in the army or navy. Insurrection is, 
however, used to comprehend eitlier sedition or rebellion. 
Intrench. — To fortify with a ditch and parapet. 
Invade. — To enter a country with intentions of conquest. 

Invest.— To surround a besieged place, so as to cut off all communication with the sur- 
rounding country for obtaining supplies, &c. It is remarkable that Sevastopol 
(sev-as-to'-pol) was not invested. 

Keystone. — The stone on the top or middle of an arch, which, being wider at the top 
than at the bottom, enters like a wedge, and binds the work. 

Law. — Written or statute law is prescribed and promulgated by the legislative power, 
and delivered in writing. Unwritten or common law {lex non sa-ipta,) is such as has 
not the authority of statutes. It is found in the reports of judicial decisions. 

Legislature.— The power that legislates, or makes the laws; Congress. 

Letters of Marque.— LetteTS of reprisal; a license granted by a sovereign of one country, 
to his sxibjects, to make reprisals at sea on the subjects of another, under pretence 
of indemnification for injuries received. 

Letters Patent.— A. writing executed and sealed, by which power and authority are 
granted to some person or persons, to do some act, or enjoy some right. 

Lieutenant. — One who acts in place of another. In the army, the second commissioned 
officer in a company of infantry, cavalry, or artillery. 

LigM-liorse.—\Aght armed cavalry. 

Light-infantry.— Hodies of active, strong men, trained to perform rapid evolutions. 

Limber.— To " attach a gun to the limber" — that is, two wheels and a shaft. 

Line. — A trench or rampart; the regular infantry of an army, as opposed to the militia, 
volunteers, &c. A s!iip-of-ihe-line is a ship large enough to have a place in the line 
of battle. 

Loco-Foco.—Thifi term was sportively applied, in 1834, to the radical portion of the 
Democratic party, because, at a meeting in Tammany Hall, New York, when the 
Ijghts were suddenly extinguished, to dissolve the meeting, those in favor of extreme 
measures produced loco-foco matches, re-lighted the lamps, continued the meeting, 
and accomplished their object. 

Magazine. — A store of arms, ammunition, or provisions; or, the building in which they 
are kept. 

Major. — An officer next above a captain, and below a lieutenant-colonel. 

Major-General.—ku officer next above a brigadier-general. 

Manceuvcr. — A dexterous movement. 

Man-of-War. — A government war-vessel. 

Martial law. — When martial law is proclaimed, all citizens are subject to military 
regulations. 

Massacre. — The murder of human beings without authority or necessity, and without 
forms of law, civil or military. 

Militia (from miles, a soldier). — A body of armed citizens regularly trained, though not 
in constant service in time of peace, and thereby distinguished from standing armies. 
In France, the militia are called " National Guai'ds." In England, the militia con- 
sists of '200,000 men, who perform service about twenty-eight days in the year. In 
the United States it is composed of persons from eighteen to forty-five years of age. 

Minister. — The representative of a sovereign or government at a foreign court — usually 
those that are resident there, but not restricted to such. 

Minute J/en.— Men ready to fight at a minute's notice. 

Muster. — To "pass muster," to pass through an inspection without censure. 

Mutiny. — An insurrection of soldiers, or seamen, against the authority of their com- 
manders. [Sec Insurrection.] 



HISTORICAL AND MILITARY TERMS. 101 

X^avy. — A fleet of ships; the ships of war belonging to a nation; the oflBcers and men 

belonging to a navy. 
Neutral. — A person, ox- nation, that takes no part in a contest. 
Non-conformist.— One who does not conform to the Established Church. 
Ordnance. — Cannon : great guns. 

Panic. — A sudden fright, particularly if it is without cause. 
JParade. — To assemble and marshal in military order. 
jParapel.—An elevation for protecting soldiers from the enemy's shot. 
Parley.— A. conference with an enemy in war. To " beat a parley," is to make a signal 

for holding a consultation. 
Parliament.— Irx Great Britain, the grand assembly of the three estates — the lords 

spiritual, lords temporal, and the commons. 
Parole.— In military affairs, a promise given by a prisoner of war, when he has leave to 

depart from custody, that he will return at the time appointed. 
Partisan. —ThG commander of a corps of light troops, designed to carry on a desultory 

warfare. 
Passport. — A written license from proper authorities, granting permission to pass safely 

through the territory. For a minister to "demand his passport," is to declare that 

diplomatic relations between his government and the country in which he resides 

have closed. 
Patrol— A walking or going around to secure the peace or safety of the camp or place. 
Pe7inant (pen-non). — A small flag; a banner. 
Personnel (par-so-nel'). — The persons employed in the army and navy, in contra-dis- 

tinction to the material. 
Picket.— A guard posted in front of an army to give notice of the approach of the enemy. 
Pirate. — A robber on the high seas, who makes it his business to cruise for plunder. An 

armed ship, or vessel, which sails without legal commission, for the purpose of plun- 
dering other vessels. 
Platoon.— l-vio files of soldiers, forming a sub-division of a company. 
Plenipotentiary. — An ambassador, or envoy, to a foreign court, invested with full power 

to negotiate a treaty, or to transact other business. 
Pblicy. — The course or management of public affairs, either with respect to foreign 

powers, or internal arrangements. 
Politic. — Exercising sagacity in devising and pursuing measures adapted to promote the 

public welfare. 
Political.— Vertuming to civil government. "Political rights" — the rights that belong 

to a nation, or to a citizen as an individual of a nation. «' Civil rights"— the local 

rights of a corporation, or any member of it. 
politics. — The science of government; political affairs. 
Polity.— The form or constitution of civil government 
Port of entry. — A port where a custom-house is established. 
President.— The chief magistrate of a nation, elected by the people. 
Privateer.— A ship, or vessel of war, owned and equipped by private individuals, at their 

own expense, to seize or plunder the ships of an enemy in time of war. A privateer 

differs from a pirate, inasmuch as the former is licensed by the Government, and the 

latter is not; besides, a privateer goes out only during a war, and seizes none but the 

enemy's vessels. 
Proprietary. — An owner. "Proprietary Governments" — the government of a colony 

by a proprietor, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, were thus governed. 
Provincial Governments were those under the immediate control of the King of Great 

Britain. New Ilampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South 

Carolina, and Georgia, were Provincial Governments. 
I. — 9 



102 HISTORICAL AND MILITARY TERMS. 

Provincials. — American troops in the Revolutionary War. 

JhovosL — An officer who preserves discipline, takes charge of offenders, conducts execu- 
tions, &c. 
Purser. — A commissioned officer in the navy, who has charge of the provisions, clothing, 

Ac, and of the public moneys on shipboard. 
QiMrter. — The sparing of the life of a captive. 
Quarters. — The place were officers and soldiers lodge. 

Quarter-master. — An officer whose duty it is to provide quarters and every thing neces- 
sary for an army. 
Quartermaster-General.— The chief officer in the Quarter-master's department 
Quota.— A proportional part or share. 

Raking fire.— A firing of cannon that sweeps the whole length of a vessel. 
Rangers. — Mounted troops, armed with short muskets, who range the country. 
Rank.— A line of men standing abreast, or side by side, in contra-distinction to file. 
Rank and File.— The whole body of common soldiers, including corporals, who carry 

firelocks. 
Ranks. — The order of common soldiers. To " take rank" — to take a higher position. 
Rapid mcaxh. — Soldiers usually march about 20 miles per day; in a rapid march, 40 miles. 
Ration.— A daily allowance of provisions, drink, and forage. 
Rear.— The back part of the main body of an army. 

Rear-guard.— A detachment of soldiers who march behind an army to protect it. 
Rear-Admiral.—?!ee Admiral. 
Rebellion. — See Insurrection. 

Recruit. — A newly-enlisted soldier to supply a deficiency in an army. 
Redan (re-dan').— A rampart in the form of a V, with its angle towards the enemy. 
Redoubt. — A general name for every kind of work in field fortifications. 
Regiment. — A body of men consisting of a number of companies, usually eight or ten, 

commanded by a colonel or lieutenant-colonel, and by a major. 
Regulars.— Regular troops, in contra-distinction to the militia 
Rencounter. — A sudden contest without premeditation. 
Rendezvous.-A place of meeting. 
Reprisal.— The taking of property from an enemy by way of indemnification; as, 

"Letters of Marque and Reprisal." 
Republic. — A Government in which the sovereign power is vested in representatives 

elected by the people. 
Reserve.— "Body of Reserve" — a body of troops in the rear of an army, drawn up for 

battle, and kept for an emergency. 
Retreat. — The retiring of troops from the face of the enemy, or from an advanced posi- 
tion. It differs from &fiJght, in being an orderly march. 
Reveille (re-val-ya). — The beat of drum at break of day, to give notice that it is time for 

the soldiers to rise, and the sentinels to forbear challenging. 
Revenue. — The annual produce of taxes, duties, excise, customs, and rents, received 

into the treasury of a nation for public use. 
Rights.— ^'BiW of Rights" — a paper containing a declaration of rights. 
R(nd.— The disorder and confusion of defeated troops put to flight. 
Royalist. — An adherent to a king. 
Sachem (sa'-chem). — An Indian chief; a Sagamore. 

Sally.—" To sally"— to rush out of a besieged place and attack the besiegers. 
Scaling. — The act of entering a place by a ladder or steps; an escalade. 
Scout. — A person sent in advance of an army to give notice of danger. 
&arc7i.—" Right of search"— the right claimed by one nation to enter vessels of another, 
and examine their papers and cargoes. 



HISTORICAL AND MILITARY TERMS. 103 

Sedition. — See Insurrection. 

Sentinel. — A person set to watch an army, camp, or fort, to give notice of danger. 

Sergeant. — A non-commissioned officer who instructs recruits, &c. 

Session of Congress. — One sitting of Congress. That body has but one regular session 
annually, commencing on the first Monday in December. A Congress continues 
during two years, comprising two sessions. 

Shell.— A bomb. 

Ship-of-the-line.—A. vessel that usually carries seventy-four guns, or more. 

Siege. — The placing of an army before or around a fortification, to compel the garrison 
to surrender. If the place is entirely surrounded, so as to cut off all communication 
and supplies, it is said to be invested. A siege differs from a blockade, inasmuch as 
in the former the investing army approaches the fortified place to attack and reduce 
it by force, while in the latter the army secures all the avenues in order to cut off all 
supplies, and waits until famine compels the garrison to surrender. To "lay siege," 
to besiege; to "raise the siege," to abandon it. 

Sortie. — A sally; an attack made by the besieged on the besiegers. 

Spike the Guns. — To stop the vent by driving iu spikes. 

Spoliation Bill.— A bill charging the French Government with having committed depre- 
dations on the commerce of the United States during the wars of Napoleon. 

Spy.— A person sent into an enemy's camp to gain intelligence, to be communicated 
secretly to the proper officer. 

Squadron. — A detachment of ships of war; a body of troops. 

Stack arms. — To set up muskets with the bayonets crossing each other, forming a coni- 
cal pile. 

Stand of arms.— A musket, with the usual appendages. 

Standard. — An ensign of war; a staff with a flag. 

Stoclcade. — A slight fortification. 

Strike the colors.— To surrender; indicated by taking down the flag. 

Subaltern.— An officer beneath the rank of captain. 

Subsidy. — Aid in money ; Gupply given ; a tax. 

Suffrage.— A vote. 

Surrender.— To give up. It is of two kinds : " to capitulate," and " to surrender at 
discretion." The latter is to surrender without stipulation or terms. 

Tactics. — The science and art of disposing of military and naval forces in order for 
battle, and of performing evolutions. 

Tariff. — A list of duties on exports or imports. 

Tonnage.— A duty or impost on ships, estimated by the ton; the weight of goods carried 
in a ship; the cubical contents of burthen of a ship in tons. 

Traitor. — A person guilty of treason. 

Treason— In general, treason is the crime of attempting to overthrow the Government 
of the State to which the offender owes allegiance, or of betraying the country into 
the hands of a foreign power. In the United States, treason is confined to the actual 
levying of war against the Government, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
aid and comfort. 

Treaty.— An agreement, league, or contract, between two or more nations or sovereigns, 
formally signed by commissioners properly authorized, and solemnly ratified by the 
several sovereigns, or the supreme power of each State. The treaty-making power is 
lodged in the Executive. In the United States it is vested in the President, by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate. 

Truce.— A suspension of hostilities, by agreement of the commanders, for negotiation, 
or other causes; frequently for the purpose of burying the dead. An armistice is 
generally by convention of the Governments. 



104 HISTORICAL AND MILITARY TERMS. 

Union. — In tho flag of the United States, a square portion at the upper left hand comer, 
in which the stars are united on a blue ground, deuoting the Union of the States. 
The British flag has a similar union, composed of the three crosses of St George, 
St. Andrew, and St. Patrick, denoting the union of the three kingdoms. 

Union dowmvard. — A signal of distress at sea, made by reversing the flag. 

Van. — The front of an army, or the foremost division of a fleet. 

Van-courifrs (koo'-re-erz).— Light-armed soldiers sent before an army; precursors. 

Tan-guard.— li^hQ troops who march in front of an army. 

Veto.— To withhold assent to a bill, and thus prevent its enactment. 

Vidette. — A sentinel on horseback. 

Volunteer. — One who enters on military service by his own free will. 

Watchwo7-d. — A word given to the sentinel by those who pass the lines, to prove that 
they are friends. 

Whig ami Tort/.— During the Revolution, the term Whig was applied to the opponents, 
and Tory to the supporters, of the royal cause. 



■. 9, WS^ 



PART SECOND. 



THE 



HISTOIUCAL COMrANION 



COMPRISINa THE 



BIOGRAPHIES .<0"5fq; 

OF 

ALL PERSONS OF IMPORTANCE --^^^.^ 

IN 

THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

WITH FULL AND COMPLETE 

GENEALOGICAL TABLES 

OF THE 

BY A. C. WEBB, 

PRINCIPAL OF ZANE STREET GRAMMAR-SCHOOL. 



PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED BY E. C. & J. BIDDLE, 

No. 508 MINOR STREET. 

1858. 



Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 18^8j by 

A. C. WEBB, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern 

District of Pennsylvania. 



PHILADELPHIA : 

PRINTED BY KINO & BAIRD, 

607 SANSOM STREET. 






GENEALOGICAL TABLES 



Sovereigns of France.* 



Began 




Began 






MONARCHS. 


to 


MONARCHS. 


Reigu. 




Reign. 






Carlovingian Race? 




Uouse of Valors. 


751 


Pepin the Little, son of Charles 


1328 


Philip VI. 




Martel. 


1350 


John. 


708 


Charlemagne and Carloman. 


1364 


Charles V. 


SUO 


Charlemagne, Emperor of the 


1380 


Charles VI. 




West. 


1422 


Henry VI. 


814 


Louis I., the Gentle, Debonnaire. 


1436 


Charles VII. 


840 


Charles the Bold. 


1461 


Louis XI. 


877 


Louis II. 


14S3 


Charles VIIL 


878 


I/)UiS III. 


1498 


Louis XII. 


879 


Carloman, 


1515 


Francis I. 


884 


Charles the Fat. 


1547 


Henry IL 


888 


Eudes. 


1559 


Francis IT. 


898 


Charles the Simple. 


1560 


Charles IX. 


923 


Rodolph, 


1574 


Henry IIL 


936 


Louis IV. 






954 


Loth aire. 




House of Bourbon 


988 


Louis V. 


1589 


Henry the Great. 




Chpetian Race. 


1010 


Louis XIIL 


9S7 
996 
1031 


Hugh Capet. 
Robert. 
Henry I. 


1043 
1715 
1774 


Louis XIV. 
Louis XV. 
Louis XVL 


1060 
1108 
1137 
1180 
1223 
1226 
1270 
12S5 


Philip I. 
Louis VI. 


1793 


(Revolution.) 


Louis Vli. 


1800 


Napoleon, First ConsuL 


Philip II. 
Louis VIIL 
Louis IX. 
I'hilip III. 
' Philip IV. 
Louis X. 


1804 
W14 
1814 
1815 


Napoleon, Emperor. 
Louis XVIII. 
Napoleon. 
Louis XVIIL 


1824 


Charles X. 


1314 


1830 


Louis Philippe. 


1316 


Philip V*. 
Charles IV. 


1848 


Louis Napoleon, President. 


1322 


1852 


Louis Napoleon, Emperor. 



* The lives of the Sovereigns of France, since 1492, are given in the Biographies. 

a On the extinction of the Roman Empire, A.D. 476, the Germans overran France, 
and, a few years after, Clovi.-s. King of the Franks, obtained possession of the country. 
The kings of France are divided into four dyna.'^ties, viz : the Merovingian, the Carlo- 
vingian, the Capetian, and the Bourbf>n. The first derived its name from Merovfxjus, 
grandfather of Clovis, and lasted until A.D. 751, when it was Buccceded by the Carlo- 
vingian dynasty. 

(V) 



VI 



SOVEllEIGNS OF ENGLAND. 
Sovereigns of England since the Conquest. 






William II. 
Henry I 

Stephen',.. 

Henry II.« . 
Richard I... 
John 



Began 

to 
ReiiTD. 



II 

Iff 
e 

I 

1?. 






Henry III. 
Edward I. . 



Edward II. . 
Edward III. 
Richard II. . 



Henry IV.» . 

Henry V 

Henry VI. .. 



Edward IV.^ 
Edward V. . 
Richard III. 



Henry VII."" 
Henry VIII. 



Edward VI. 

Mary I 

Elizabeth ... 



James I.^ 

Charles I 

Cromwell 

Charles II 

James II 

William III. and Mary II. 
Anne 



George T.'..., 
Georftell. ... 
George III. . 
George IV. ., 
William IV. 
Victoria 



1066 
1087 
1100 



1154 
1189 
1199 



1216 
1272 

1307 
1327 
1377 



1399 

1413 
1422 

1461 
1483 
1483 

1485 
1509 



1547 
1553 
1558 

1603 
1625 
1649 
1660 
1685 
1689 
1702 

1714 
1727 
1760 
1820 
1830 
1837 



To whom married. 



Matilda of Flanders 

(Never married) 

Matilda of Scotland 

Matilda of Bologne 

Eleanor of Guienne 

Berengaria of Navarre 

Earl Montague's daughter 

Avisa of Gloucester 

Isabella of Angouleme 

Eleanor of Provence 

Eleanor of Castile 

Marguerite of France 

Isabella of France 

Philippa of Ilainhault 

Anne of Bohemia 

Isabella of France 

Mary Bohun 

Joanna of Navarre 

Catharine of France 

Margaret of Anjou 

Elizabeth Woodville 

(Never married) 

Ann Nevill 

Elizabeth of York 

Catharine of Arragcn 

Anne Boleyn, 1532; Jane Seymour. 
Anne of Cleves, Catharine Howard 

Catharine I'arr 

(Never married) 

Philip, King of Spain 

(Never married) 

Anne of Denmark 

Henrietta of France 

Elizabeth Bouchier 

Catharine of Portugal 

Anne Hyde, 1660; Mary of Modena 

Mary, daughter of James II 

George, Prince of Denmark 

Sophia of Zell 

Wilhelmina of Anspach 

Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz .. 

Caroline of Brunswick 

Adelaide of Saxo-Meiningen 

Albert of Saxe-Gotha 



1053 

iioo 

1135 



1151 
1191 

1185 
1189 
1200 
1236 
1253 
1299 
1308 
1328 
1382 
1396 

1317 
1403 
1420 
1444 

1465 

1473 

1486 
1509 
1536 
1540 
1543 

1554 



1589 
1625 
1620 
1662 
1673 
1677 
1683 

1681 
1705 
1761 
1795 
1818 
1840 



* The lives of the Sovereigns of England, since 1492, are given in the Biographies. 
^ Son of Robert, Duke of Normandy. 

' Son of Adela (daughter of William the Conqueror,) and the Count of Blois: hence, 
the House of Blois. 

* Son of Matilda (daughter of Henry I.,) and Geoffrey Plantagenet : hence, the House 
of Plantagenet. 

» Sou of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, tJiird son of Edward III.: hence, the 
House of Lancaster. 

* Son of Richard, Duke of York (son of Anne Mortimer, daughter of Lionel, Duke of 
Clarence, second son of Edward III.): hence, the House of York. 

■■ Son of Margaret and Edmund Tudor: hence, the House of Tudor. 

8 Son of INlary, Queen of Scots, and Henry Stuart: hence, the House of Stuart. 

8 Son of Electressof Hanover (grand-daughter of James I.): hence, House of Brunswick. 



GENEALOGY OF QUEEN VICTORIA. 



vu 



Genealogy of Queen Victoria, from William tlie Conqueror. 

By House, of Lancaster. 
Victoria is the daughter of the Duke of Kent, 
who Tf'as the son of George III., 

" son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, 

" son of George II., 

" son of George I., 

" son of Sophia, Electress of Ilanover, 

" daughter of Elizabeth, 

" daughter of James I., 

" son of Mary, Queen of Scots, 

" daughter of James V., 

" son of James IV. and Margaret Tudor, 

" daughter of Henry VII. (and Elizabeth of York,) 

" son of Margaret J'.eaufort, 

" daughter of John Beaufort, 

" son of the Duke of Somerset, 

" son of Jolyi of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, 

•' third son of Edward III., 

" son of Edward II., 

" son of Edward I., 

" son of Henry III., 

•' son of John, 

•' son of Henry II., 

•' son of Matilda, 

■' daughter of Henry I., 

" son of William the Conqueror. 

By Hoizse of York. 
Elizabeth of York, Queen of Henry VII., was the daughter of Edward IV., 
who was the son of Richard, Duke of York, son of Anne Mortimer, 
" " " daughter of Roger Mortimer, 
" " " son of Edmund Mortimer and Philippa, 
" " " daughter of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 
" " " second son of Edward III. 

By Home of Tudor. 
Henry VIL, Earl of Richmond, was the son of Edmund, Earl of Richmond, 
who was thj son of Owen Tudor, 
" " " husband of Catharine, 
" " " widow of Heiory V. 



Margaret, married 



Henry VII.'s Descendants. 

r Henut VIII. Children — Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. 

Jamn.') IV.. of Scotland. Child — James V. 

Douglass, Earl of Angus. Child — Margaret Douglass. 

Mabv mai-r^ffi S ^^Ouis XII. 

' ^'^^^'^^ I Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Child - Margaret Brandon. 
Edward VT. Never married. 
?VIary I., married I'hilip of Spain. No children. 
Elizabeth. Never married. 

James V., married Mary of Guise. Child — Mary, Queen of Scots. 
Margaret Douglass. 

Margaret Brandon, married Grey, Earl of Dorset. CMldren — Lady Jane Grey, 
and two daughters. 
1* 



.5C^ 



\n\ 



REVOLUTIONARY OFFICERS. 



American Officers in the Revolutionary War. 



NAMES OF OFFICERS. 



Adams, Colonel 

Alexander, Major-Gen. Wm. (Lord Stirling) 

Allen, Colonel Ethan 

Armstrong, General John 

Armstrong, Maj. John (author of ICewburgh Ad.) 

Arnold, Brigadier-General Benedict 

Ash, General John 

Barton, Colonel William 

Baylor, Colonel 

Buford, Colonel Abraham 

Burbeck, General Henry 

Burr, Colonel Aaron 

Butler, General John 

Butler, Colonel Zebulon 

Butterfield, Major '. 

Cadwallader, General John 

Campbell, Colonel Arthur 

Campbell, Brigadier-General William 

Champe, Sergeant-Major John 

Clarke, General George R 

Clinton, Brigadier-General George 

Clinton, Brigadiei'-General James 

Colfax, General William 

Conway, General Thomas 

Darke, Major William 

Davidson, Major George 

Davidson, General William 

Dearborn, General Henry 

Elmer, General Kbeuezer 

Eustace, Major-General John S 

Ewing, General James 

Gansvoort, Colonel Peter 

Gates, Major-General Horatio 

Gist, General Mordecai 

Greene, Lieutenant-Colonel Christopher 

Greene, Major-General Nathaniel 

Hale, Captain Nathan 

Hamilton, General Alexander 

Hayne, Colonel Isaac 

Heath, Major-General William 

Herkimer, General 

Howard, General John E 

Howe, Brigadier-General Robert 

Huger, General Isaac 

Hull, Major William 

Irwin Colonel 

Jackson, Gen. Andrew (joined Sumpter when 13) 

Jameson, Colonel 

Jasper, Sergeant William 

Knox, Major-General Henry 

Lane, Major 

Laurens, Colonel Henry 

Laurens, Colonel John 

Ledyard, Colonel William 

Lee, Major-General Charles 

1 



1726 



1758 
1740 
1721 
1747 



1754 
1756 



1731 



1743 
1742 
1745 



1742 
1739 
1736 
1760 



1736 



1751 
1752 



1736 
1749 
1729 
1743 
1737 
1740 

1757 

1787 

1752 
1732 
1764 
1753 

1767 



1750 



1723 
1762 



Stillwater 

New York 

Yermont 

Pennsylvania ., 

New Y'ork 

England 

South Carolina 
Rhode Island .. 



Connecticut. 
New Y'ork ... 



Pennsylvania. 



Maryland 

Kentucky 

Yirginia 

Kentucky. 

Kentucky 

Dist. of Columbia . 

New York 

New Jersey 



Virginia 

Cowan's Ford 



New York 

Pennsylvania... 

New Y'ork 

New Y'ork 

South Carolina 



Georgia , 

New York 

New York 

South Carolina 
Massachusetts .. 

New York 

Maryland 



South Carolina . 



Savannah 
Maine 



South Carolina 

Comhahee, S. Ca 

Fort Griswold, Conn. 
Pennsylvania 



* When killed in battle, the name of the field of action is given; and death from natu- 
ral causes, if recorded in history, is indicated by the name of the State, or country, in 
which it occurred. 



REVOLUTIONAE.Y OFFICERS. 



IX 



NAMES OF OFFICERS. 



Lee, Major Henry 

Leitch, Major 

Lincoln. Major-General Benjamin 

Livingston, Colonel Henry 

Lovell, General Solomon 

McDougall, Major-General Alexander 

Magaw, Colonel 

Marion, Brigadier-General Francis 

Maxwell, General William 

Meigs, Colonel 

Mercer, Brigadier-General Hugh 

Mifflin, Major-General Thomas 

Mpliy Pitcher, Sergeant (-'Captain") 

Mouckton. Colonel 

Monroe, Lieutenant James 

Montgomery. Brigadier-General Richard 

Morgan, Brigadier-General Daniel 

Moultrie, Brigadier-General William 

Muhlenburg, Brigadier-General (Rev.) J. I'.G. 

Nash, Brigadier-General Francis 

Tarker, Captain Joseph 

Pickens, Colonel Andrew 

Pickei-ing, General Timothy 

Pinckney, Genenil Charles C 

Pinckney, General Thomas 

Polk, Colonel William 

Pomeroy, General Seth 

Poor, Brigadier-General Enoch 

Prescott, General William 

Putnam, Majbr-General Israel 

Putnam, General Rufus 

Reed, General James 

Reed, General Joseph 

'St.. Clair, Major-General Arthur 

Schuyler, Major-General Philip 

Scfltt, General Charles 

Scott, General John M 

Shelby, Colonel Isaac 

Sherburne, Major Henry 

Smallwood, General William 

Smith, Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel 

Spencer, General Joseph 

Stark, GeneralJohn 

Stirling, Lord (Wm. Alexander) 

Sullivan, Major-General John 

Sumpter, General Thomas 

Thomas, General John 

Twiggs, Colonel 

Van CourtJandt, General Philip 

Yarick, Colonel Richard 

Varnum, General James M 

Wadsworth, General Peleg 

Ward, Major-General Artemas 

Warner, Colonel Seth 

Warren, Major-General Joseph 

Washington, General George (Com .-in-chief) . 

Washington, Colonel William A 

Wayne, Brigadier-General Anthony 

W ilkinson, General James 

Williams, Colonel James 

Williams, General Otho 

Woodford, (General William 

WoodhulJ, Brigadier-General Nathaniel 

Wooster, General David 



When 
boru. 



1756 



1733 
1752 



1727 
17-44 
175G 



1758 
1737 
3733 
1730 
1746 



1739 
1745 
1745 
1750 
1759 



1736 
1726 
1718 



1741 
1734 
1733 
1746 
1730 
1750 



1759 
1714 

1728 
1726 
1740 
1734 



1749 
1752 
1749 
1749 
1727 
1744 
1740 
1732 
1752 
1745 
1757 
1713 
1748 
1734 
1722 
1710 



Georgia 

Harlem Heights 

Massachusetts 

New York , 

New York 

South Carolina 

Princeton 

Pennsylvania 

New York. 

Monmouth 

A'irginia 

Quebec 

Virginia 

South Carolina 

Pennsylvania , 

German town 

Lexington 

Sovith Carolina .... 
Massachusetts 

North Carolina 

New Jersey 

Maine 

Connecticut 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania 

New York 

K(;utucky 

New York 

Kentucky 

Gerniantown 

Maryland 

Maryland 

Connecticut 

New Hampshire.... 

New York 

New Hampshire..., 
South Carolina .... 
Canada 

New York 

New Jersey 

Ohio 

Maine 

Massachusetts 

Connecticut 

Bunker Hill 

Virginia 

South Carolina ... 

Pennsylvania 

iMexico 

King's Mountain . 

New York 

Brooklyn Heights 
Danbury 



REVOLUTIONARY OFFICERS. 



English Officers in the Revolutionary War. 



Abercroinbie, Colonel James. 

Ackland. 

Andre, Major John. 

Arbuthnot, Admiral Marriott. 

Armstrong, Major. 

Balfour, Colonel. 

Baum, Colonel. 

Boyd, Colonel. 

Brandt, Joseph (Indian Sachem). 

Breyman. Colonel. 

Bromfield, Major. 

Burgoyne, General John. 

Butler, Colonel John. 

Butler, Walter M. 

Byron, Admii'al. 

Campbell, Colonel. 

Carleton, Sir Guy. 

Clinton, General Sir Henry. 

Coffin, Captain John. 

Collier, Admiral Sir William. 

Coruwallis, Lord. 

Craig, Miijor James H. 

Cruger, Lieutenant-Colonel. 

Cunningham, General llobert. 

De La Place, Captain. 

Depeyster, Cuptain. 

Digby, Admiral. 

Douop, Colonel Count. 

Erskiue. Sir William. 

Exmouth, Lord. 

Eyre, Colonel. 

Fanning, Colonel David. 

Fanning, General Edmund. 

Ferguson, Major Patrick. 

Fraser, General. 

Gage, General Thomas. 

Gardiner, Major. 

Grant, General. 

Graves, Admiral. 

Grey, General. 

Heister, General De. 

Hood, Admiral Sir Samuel. 



Howe, Lord George. 

Howe, Admiral Lorct Kichard. 

Howe, General Sir William. 

Johnson, Colonel Guy. 

Johnson, Sir John. 

Johnson, Sir William. 

Knyphausen, General. 

Lawrence, Colonel. 

Leslie, General. 

Linzee, Captain. (Naval.) 

McArthur, Major. 

Majoribanks, Major. 

Matthews, General. 

Mawhood, Colonel. 

O'Hara, General. 

Parker, Admiral Hyde. 

Parker, Sir Peter. 

Percy, General Earl. 

Phillips, General William. 

I'igot, General Sir llobert. 

Prescott, G(meral. 

Preston, Captain. 

Prevost, General Augustine. 

Rahl, Colonel. 

Kawilon, Lord Francis. 

Keidesel, General Baron. 

Robinson, Major John. 

Robinson, Colonel Beverly. 

Rodney, Admiral. 

Ruggles, Colonel Timothy. 

Rumford, Count (Major Thompson). 

St. Leger, Colonel Barry. 

Simcoe. Major J. G. 

Sims, Major. 

Skeene, Major Philip K. 

Smith, Colonel. 

Stuart, Lieutenant-Colonel. 

Tarletou, Lieutenant-Colonel Banastre. 

Tryon, General William. 

Turnbull, Colonel. 

Webster, Lieutenant-Colonel. 

Wemyss, Major. 



Foreign Officers who aided in the Revolution. 



Destouches, Admiral. 
Deuxponts, Count De. 
Duportail, General Chevalier. 
D'Estaing, Count. 
Gerard, Conrad Alexandre. 
Guichen, Admiral De. 
Grasse, Count De. 
Kalb, Baron De. 
Kosciusko, General. 
Lafayette, General. 
La Radiere. Colonel. 



Lazun, Duke De. 
Luzerne, Chevalier De La. 
Manduit, Du Plessis. 
Marbois, M. De, 
Pulaski, Count Casimir. 
Rochambeau, Count De. 
St. Simon, Marquis De. 
Steuben, Baron De. 
Q'ernay. Admiral De. 
Tilly, Admiral De. 
Yillefranche. 



Kaval Officers of the Revolution. 



Biddle, Captain Nicholas. 
Dale, Lieutenant Kichard. 
Fanning, Lieutenant John. 
Hazard, Captain. 
Hazlewood, Commodore. 
Hopkins, Com. Ezekiel (Com. -in-chief.) 
Hopkins, Captain John B. 
Hudson, Captain. 



Jones, Lieutenant John Paul. 
Landais, Captain Peter. 
Manley, Captain John. 
Nicholson, Captain Jame.=!. 
Salstonstall, Captain Dudley. 
Talbot, Colonel. 
"Waters, Captiun. 
Whipple, Captain Abraham. 



BIOGRAPHIES 



EMINENT MEN IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



ABERCROMBIE, MAJOR-GEXERAL JAMES. 
General Abercrombie was appointed Conimander-iu-chief of the British forces in 
America in 1757, and commenced the campaign of 175S with 50,000 troops. At the 
head of 13.000 men, be proceeded against Ticouderoga. On approaching the fort, Lord 
Ilowe was killed. Abercrombie was compelled to retreat to Fort George, with a loss 
of 2000 men. He was superseded by Loi'd JefiFery Amherst. 

ADAMS, JOHN. 1735-1826. 
John Adams, the second President of the United States, was born at Braintrce, 
Massachusetts, in 1735. He early exhibited the most determined opposition to 
the oppressive policy of Great Britain. In 1774 he was a delegate to the first 
Continental Congress. In 1776 he was appointed, with Jefferson, Franklin, Sherman, 
and Livingston, to draft the Declaration of Independence. In 1777 he was Commis- 
sioner to France, in place of Silas Deane, with Dr. Franklin and Arthur Lee. In 
1785, Mr. Adams was appointed first minister to London, and, on his return in 1788, 
was elected Vice President, which office he held until 1797, when he became President. 
Mr. Adams was at the head of the Federalist party, and many of his public measures, 
among which were the Alien and Sedition Acts, were violently opposed by the Repub- 
licans. He and Jefferson died on the 4th of July, 1826. 

ADA:MS, JOHN QUINCY. 1767-1848. 
John Q. Adams, LL.D., the sixth President of the United States, was born in Quincy, 
Massachusetts, in 1707. He was appointed minister to the Netherlands in 1794, then 
to Portugal, and from thence was transferred (during the Presidency of his father,) to 
Berlin. He was successively a member of the Senate of Massachusetts and of the 
United States, and professor of rhetoric in Harvard College. Madison appointed him 
one of the commissioners to negotiate peace in 1814. In 1825 he was elected President 
by the House of Representatives, there having been no choice by the people. In 1829 
he retired to private life, but in 1831 was elected a Representative to Congress. In 
1848 he was taken suddenly ill at the capital, and died in a few hours. He was fre- 
quently called "the old man eloquent." 

ADAMS, SAMUEL. 1722-1803. 
Samuel Adams, one of the most distinguished men of the American Revolution, was 
born at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1722. He was one of the first who organized mea- 

01 ) 



]2 . ADAMS— AMHEKBT. 

sures of resistance to the mother country, and was early proscribed by the British 
Government. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Mr. 
Adams died in 1803. 

ADAMS, WILLIAM. 1772-1851. 

William Adams, LL.D., an English lawyer of great celebrity, was one of the commis- 
sioners to negotiate peace in 1814, between England and the United States. In 1826, 
while engaged in prosecuting the bill for the divorce of Queen Caroline, he frequently 
had to sit up whole nights without sleep or relaxation. He was a man of great learning, 
and enjoyed the friendship of some of the first men of the kingdom. Dr. Adams died 
in 1851. 

ADOLPHUS, GUSTAVUS. 1594-1632. 

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, protected the Lutherans in Germany, and by 
his victories in the " Thirty Years' War" (1618-1648), would perhaps have dethroned 
the emperor, Ferdinand II., had he not been slain at the battle of Lutzen in 1632, after 
he had defeated the imperial army commanded by Wallenstein. He carried to his tomb 
the love of his subjects, the esteem of his enemies, and the name of the "Great 
Gustavus." Under his patronage, a colony of Protestants from Sweden settled, in 1627, 
in New Jersey, on the Delaware River. 

ALLEN, ETHAN. 
Ethan Allen, an American officer in the Revolutionary War, surprised Fort Ticon- 
deroga in 1775, and took it without striking a blow. The next day. Crown Point sur- 
rendered, and thus the colonists gained entire possession of Lake Champlain. In the 
same j'ear, Allen was taken prisoner in an attack on Montreal. In 1778 he was ex- 
changed for Colonel Campbell, and died in Vermont in 1789. Allen was a confirmed 
infidel, and professed to believe in the transmigration of souls, often declaring that 
after death he should continue with his friends in the form of a white horse. 

ALLEN, WILLIAM HENRY. 1784-1813. 
William Henry Allen, born at Providence, Rhode Island, in 1784, was with Com. 
Bainbridge in the expedition to Algiers. In 1813 he was appointed commander of the 
Argus, which carried Mr. Crawford, the Amei-ican Minister, to France. Having efi'ected 
this, the Argus, agreeably to instructions, proceeded to the Irish Channel to harass 
the English commerce. On the 13th of August the Argus was taken by the Pelican, 
and her brave commander received a mortal wound, from the effects of which he died 
on the second day afterwards, lamented by all who knew him. 

AMERIGO VESPUCCI. 1451-1514. 

Amerigo Vespucci (or, Americus Vesputius), inspired by the fame of Columbus, pro- 
cured from Ferdinand four ships, in 1497, and visited the shores of the Mexican Gulf. 
In a subsequent voyage he extended his discoveries to the Antilles, Guiana, and Vene- 
zuela. In a third voyage, under the patronage of Emanuel of Portugal, he discovered 
the Brazils, from La Plata to Patagonia. He published an entertaining account of his 
voyages ; but he has become illustrious, as he obtained the singular honor of giving 
name to the New World, thus monopolizing the glory »which was due to the genius 
and enterprise of the great Columbus. Americus died in 1514. 

AMHERST, LORD. 1717-1797. 
Lord JefFery Amherst, born in 1717, was early distinguished in the wars on the Con- 
tinent. His abilities and experience were called into action in the French and Indian 
War. He was employed, in 1758, at the siege of Louisburg, and was made Governor 
of Virginia, and Commander-in-chief of the forces in America. The fall of Niagara, 
Ticonderoga, Quebec, and Montreal, with the submission of all Canada, marked the 
progress of his judicious and successful measures. He died in 1797. 



ANDRE— ARISTA. 13 

ande£, major JOHN. 1751-1780. 

Major John Andre, an officer in the British Army, was employed by Clinton to 
negotiate the defection of General Arnold, and the delivery of West Point into the 
hands of the British. He was apprehended, and condemned to death by a court-martial 
composed of Major-General Greene, William Alexander (Lord Stirling), Lafayette, &c. 
He wa.s hanged as a spy at Tappan, N. Y., October 2d, 1780. A monument has been 
erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey. 

ANDEOSS, SIR EDMUND. 

Sir Edmund Andross was appointed Governor of New York and New Jersey by the 
Duke of Yoyk in 1674, thongh his claim to the latt«r was contested by the proprietors. 
In 1675 he attempted to exercise jurisdiction over Connecticut by seizing the fort, but 
was defeated by the energetic measures of Captain Bull. He returned to England in 
1682, and in 1686 was again sent out as Governor of New England — the Charters of 
Massachusetts, and some other Colonies, having been declared invalid. In 1687 he 
attempted to gain possession of the Charter of Connecticut, and was only prevented by 
the adroit stratagem of hiding it in an oak, which, from that time, was called "The 
Charter Oak." It was blown down in 1857. In 1688, New York and New Jersey were 
included in his jurisdiction. After many tyrannical acts — interfering with the freedom 
of the press, levying enormous taxes without competent authority, and disturbing the 
titles to landed property — he was sent home for trial in 1689, but no judicial decision 
was made. In 1692 he was appointed Governor of Virginia, which office he held until 
1698. He died in 1714. 

ANNE, QUEEN. 1664-1714 

Anne, daughter of James II. and Anne Hyde, ascended the throne on the death of 
her bi-oiher-in-law, William III. She was educated a Protestant. On her accession, 
Anne determined to adhere to the policy of her predecessor in the " Triple Alliance," 
formed to prevent the union of France and Spain, and thus she became involved in the 
"War of the Spanish Succession." During her reign, the succession to the throne of 
England was settled in the Hanoverian house of Brunswick, although the Queen 
earnestly desired that her half-brother, James Francis, "the Pi-etender," should be 
restored to the throne. Her reign was the "Augustan age of English Literature." She 
married Prince George of Denmark, and had seventeen children, all of whom died 
young, Anne died in 1714. 

ARCIIDALE, JOHN. 

John Archdale, Governor of the Carolinas ta 1695, rendered himself highly popular 
with the settlers by his wise and judicious management. He introduced the culture 
of cotton. 

ARGALL, SAMUEL. 

Samuel Argall, an adventurer who came to this country in 1609, was appointed 
Deputy-Governor of Virginia in 1617, but his administration proving odious and op- 
pressive, he was obliged to leave the country. He was knighted by King James in 1623. 

ARISTA, DON MARIANO. 
General Arista, Ex-President of Mexico, was born in Monterey in 1803. Entering 
the army when a mere boy, he rose gradually to the rank of Major-General, having 
served with distinction in the war with the United States. He fought in the battles 
of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. In 1848 he was appointed minister of war, and 
in 1850 was elected President. He is a friend to progress, devotes much attention to 
the improvement and extension of agriculture and manufactures, and uses on hia 
estate many of the labor-saving machines and implements of the United States. Gen. 
Arista is distinguished by his constant and faithful support of the existing Govern- 



14 ARMISTEAD— ASH BURTON. 

ment, having always desired peace as the only means of developing the resources, and 
ameliorating the condition of the country. 

ARLINGTON.— [See BENNET.] 

ARMISTEAD, BRIGADIER-GENERAL W. K. 1780-1845. 
General Armistead entered the army as Second Lieutenant of Engineers; and was, 
through life, distinguished for correct military deportment, and the highest moral 
excellence. As a general officer, he had, during one campaign, the chief command in 
the war against the Florida Indians, in 1840 and 1841. General Armistead died at 
Upperville, Virginia, in 1845. 

ARMSTRONG, GENERAL JOHN. 1759-1843. 
General Armstrong was a native of Pennsylvania, and served with credit in the 
Revolutionary War. After the war he published the " Newburgh Letters," to obtain 
recompense for ill treatment endured by the officers of the army. These letters were 
ably written, and produced a great sensation ; and had it not been for the prudence 
of Washington, they might have led to melancholy results. General Armstrong suc- 
ceeded Chancellor Livingston as Minister to France, and, on his return, became Secre- 
tary of the War Department, under President Madison. It is asserted that Washington 
City was lost through his neglect in 1814, and his flight on the approach of the British 
did not add to his reputation. He was dismissed from office, and was succeeded by 
Mr. Monroe. He lived in retirement until his death in 1843. 

ARNOLD, BENEDICT. 
Benedict Arnold, one of the most distinguished Generals in the American army 
during the early part of the Revolutionary War, and subsequently infamous as a traitor, 
was born in Connecticut of obscure parentage. He was with Col. Allen at Ticonderoga 
in 1775, and commanded the expedition against Canada. He acted a conspicuous part 
in the capture of Burgoyne's army, but, though the victory was mainly achieved by 
the bravery of Arnold, Gates, in the report of it to Congress, made no mention of his 
services. In 1778, being unfitted for actual service by a severe wound in the leg. he was 
appointed Commandant at Philadelphia. His extravagance and reckless expenditure 
soon involved him in pecuniary difficulties, and, protected by his military authority, 
he commenced a system of extortion and robbery, which, in 1779, subjected him to trial 
by a court-martial. He was found guilty, and condemned to be reprimanded. Enraged 
by this, and by an investigation of his disbursement of funds in the Canada invasion 
in 1775, he obtained the command of the important fortress of West Point, and entered 
into negotiations with Clinton for its betrayal. On the discovery of the treason, he 
fled to New York, became Brigadier-General in the British army, and received £30,000 
as the reward of his perfidy. In this position he rendered his name still more detest- 
able by the cruelty with which he carried on the war. In 1781 he conducted an expe- 
dition against the towns of Virginia and Connecticut. He died in England in 1801, 
loaded with contempt and shame'. 

ASIIBURTON, LORD. 1774-1848. 
Alexander Baring (Lord Ashburton,) was born in 1774, and was for many years the 
head of the great mercantile house of "Baring, Brothers & Co." His political life com- 
menced in 1812, as Whig member for Taunton. He was raised to the peerage in 1835, 
and in 1842 was appointed, with Webster, a special commissioner to settle the North- 
eastern Boundary question. Lord Ashburton married, in 1798, the daughter of 
"William Bingham, of Philadelphia. He died in 1848. 



ASTOR — BALBOA. 15 

ASTOR, JOHN JACOB. 1763-1848. 

John Jacob Astor -vras born near Heidelberg, Germany, in 1763, and came to this 
country when nineteen years of age. He commenced a traffic in furs with the Indians 
on the Mohawk River, and such was his enterprise that he extended his business to 
the mouth of the Columbia River, where he formed the first fur establishment, known 
as Astoria. His immense wealth was accumulated by the fur trade ; the Canton trade, 
during the war of 1812; investments in American stocks, which he purchased during 
the war at 60 per cent., and which, after the peace, rose to 120 per cent. ; and from the 
purchase of real estate. His wealth was estimated at $25,000,000. Mr. Astor died at 
New York in 1848, leaving $400,000 to the city of New York, to found and maintain a 
free public library. 

AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES. 1780-1851. 

John James Audubon, an eminent ornithologist, was born of French parents at New 
Orleans in 1780. He was educated at Paris. His large work on ornithology will be a 
perpetual monument of his genius, his well-cultivated taste, and of the enthusiasm 
and perseverance with which he pursued his favorite study. Hardly a region in the 
United States was left unvisited by him, and the most solitary and inaccessible haunts 
of nature were disturbed by this adventurous and indefatigable student. For some 
years previous to his death, he led a quiet and retired life on the banks of the Hudson 
River. His death took place January 27th, 1851. He left behind a name and a fame, 
which, as a legacy to American science and art, are above all price. 

B. 

BACON, NATHANIEL, GENERAL. 

General Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia rebel, was a member of the Council. The inef- 
ficient government of Berkeley, which was not only oppressive, but afiorded no protec- 
tion against the incursions of hostile Indians, aroused the people to adopt more 
vigorous and effective measures, to execute which they chose Bacon as their General. 
Berkeley refused to sanction his appointment, and proclaimed him a rebel. Bacon com- 
pelled the Governor to sign the commission. His wise and energetic plans soon restored 
confidence, and enabled the people to return to their deserted plantations. On the 
Governor again proclaiming him a rebel, Bacon countermarched to Williamsburg, 
issued his declaration against the Governor, and drove him across the bay to Accomac. 
After burning Jamestown, he was besieged by the Governor, when he seized the wives 
of several of the Governor's adherents, brought them into camp, and sent word that 
they Avould be placed in the van of his forces. HLs death, which occurred in 1676, 
ended the rebellion. 

BAINBRIDGE, CAPTAIN WILLIAM. 1774-1833. 

Captain Bainbridge was born in New Jersey in 1774. Having sailed in merchant- 
vessels until 1798, he joined the navy, and, in 1800, was sent to the Mediterranean. 
He commanded the frigate Philadelphia, when she T^as capttired, and remained a 
prisoner nineteen months. In 1812, while commanding the frigate Constitution, he 
captured the .lava. In 1819 he was again sent to the Mediterranean. This was his 
last service in the navy. From 1820, until disabled by disease, he was employed on 
land. He died in 1833, 

BALBOA, VASCO NUNEZ DE. 1475-1517. 

Vasco Nunez de Balboa, one of the most successful Spanish adventurers, founded at 
Panama the first European town in America. In building the town of Santa Maria, 
be labored assiduously in the construction of a hut for his own residence. He was put 
to death, in 1517, by the Governor of Darien, on a false charge of disloyalty. 
II.— 2 



1(3 ^ BARCLAY— BATES. 

BARCLAY, ROBERT. 1618-1690. 
Robert Barclay, a native of Ecjinburgh, was sent to Paris to be educated, yrhere he 
imbibed the tenets of the Roman Catholics. On his return to Scotland, he embraoe<i 
the principles of the Quakers, and proved himself a zealous defender of the sect. The 
most celebrated of his works is his "Apology for the Quakers," published fit Amsterdam 
in 1676. It was addressed to Charles II., with excessive freedom of language. Through 
the royal favor, he received a commission as Governor of East Jersey for life. 'While 
on a visit to his native land he was seized with fever, and died in Aberdeenshire in 
1G90. 

BARNEY, JOSHUA. 1760-1819. 

Commodore Barney was born at Baltimore in 1760. He commanded the Ilyder 
Ally, and, in 1782, captured the General Monk. The same year he sailed in the prize 
to France, and returned in safety, with a large amount of specie as a loan from Louis 
XVI. In 1812 he was entrusted with the defence of the Chesapeake, and, in 1814, was 
wounded in the attack on Bladensburg, He died in 1819. 

BARRE, ISAAC. 1727-1802. 
Colonel Isaac Barre, an English gentleman, who obtained a seat in the House of 
Commons, was an active member of the opposition, and a frequent speaker during 
Lord North's administration. He earnestly opposed the passage of the Stamp Act, in a 
speech of great eloquence. Some have supposed that Colonel Barre, aided by his friend 
the Marquis of Lansdowne, wrote the celebrated Letters of Junius. He died in 1SC2. 

BARRON, JAMES. 17C8-1851. 

Commodore Barron, bom in 1768, was commander of the frigate Chesapeake, when 
it was attacked by the Leopard in Hampton Roads, 1807. The commander of the 
Leopard demanded certain British deserters, said to be on board of the Chesapeake. 
Commodore Barron, not being in a condition to resist the superior force of the Leopard, 
surrendered. Commodore Barron was tried by a court-martial, and suspended from all 
rank, pay, or emolument in the navy, for five years. In 1820, there grew out of this 
and subsequent events a duel, in which Com. Decatur was killed by Com. Barron. 
Com. Barron died in 1851. 

BARRY, JOHN. 1745-1803. 

Commodore John Barry, a brave and skilful officer during the Revolutionary War, 
was born in Ireland in 1745. In 1775, Congress appointed him commander of the first 
fleet that sailed from Philadelphia. He had previously commanded the brig Lexington, 
then the frigate Efiingham, and, in 1778, took command of the Raleigh. In 1781, after 
conveying Col. Laurens, the American Minister, to France, in the Alliance, he captured 
two English vessels, the Atlanta and Trepasa. He superintended the building of the 
frigate United States, and retained the command of her for several years. He died iu 
1803. 

. BARTON, WILLIAM. 

William Barton, Lieutenant-Colonel in the American army, was noted for the daring 
and successful stratagem by which he captured the British General, Prescott, whom he 
surprised in bed, and carried prisoner to the American quarters. Some irregularity in 
the transfer of the land which was presented to him by Congress, led to his imprison- 
ment in Vermont for many years. lie died in 1831. 

BATES, BARNABAS. 1785-1853. 

Barnabas Bates, the zealous and successful advocate of cheap postage in America, 

was born in Edmonton, England, and came to this country while quite young. In 



BAYARD — BLAKELEY. ] 



Jackson's Administration, he received an appointment in the Post Office of some trust 
and responsibility. It was his experience of the duties of this office, and his familiarity 
with the system of Government mails, that first turned his attention to the practica- 
bility and importance of cheap postage. To this cause he devoted the last years of his 
life. He had the satisfaction of seeing the land postage reduced to a reasonable rate, 
and was in the midst of his labors, to effect a corresponding reduction in ocean postage, 
when he died, October 11th, 1853. 

BAYARD, JAMES A. 1767-1815. 

James A. Bayard, an eminent lawyer and politician, was born in Philadelphia in 

1767. He was distinguished as a leader of the Federal party, and strenuously opposed 

the declaration of war with Great Britain. He was appointed one of the commissioners 

to treat under the proffered mediation of Russia. He died in 1815. 

BELLAMONT, RICHARB. 
The Earl of Bellamont was appointed Governor of New York, Massachusetts, and 
•New Hampshire, by William III. He arrived at New York in 1G98, visited Boston in 
1699, returned to New York in 1700, and died there in 1701. During his administration 
the famous Captain Kidd was sent to England for trial. The energetic government of 
Lord Bellamont, and his zeal for religion, rendered him highly popular. 

BENNET, HENRY. 1618-1685. 
Henry Bennet (Earl of Arlington,) was Secretary of State to Charles 11. His abilities 
were fully equal to the important office, and it reflects no small credit on his integrity, 
that, though he was one of the five ministers —Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arling- 
ton, and Lauderdale, denominated "the Cabal" — he did not enter into the scheme to 
render the monarch absolute. He received many gifts of land and money from Charles 
XL, with whom he was a great favorite in the early part of his reign. He died in 1685. 

BERKELEY, SIR WILLIAM. 
Sir William Berkeley was Royal Governor of Virginia for nearly forty years. The 
latter part of his life was tarnished by cruelty, especially after Bacon's Rebellion in 
1675, when, such was the number of executions, that Charles II. is said to have ex- 
claimed: "The old fool has shed more blood in that naked country, than I have done 
for the murder of my father." At the close of the rebellion he went to England, and 
died in 1677. 

BIDDLE, JAMES. 1783--1848. 

James Biddle, bom in 1783, was captured in the frigate Philadelphia, by the Tripo- 
litans, and remained a prisoner among them for eighteen months. He Avas First Lieu- 
tenant of the Wasp when she captured the Frolic. In 1814 he escaped the blockading 
squadron, and, in 1815, captured the Penguin off the coast^f Brazil. In 1845, as U. S. 
Commissioner, he ratified the treaty with China; and subsequently took command of 
the squadron on the west coast of Mexico, during the war with that country. He died 
in 1848. 

BLACK HAWK. 

Black Hawk (Indian name, Muck-ker-ta-me-schek-ker-kerk,) was a Chief in the war 
of the Sacs, Foxes, and Winnebagoes, in 1832. After the capture of Black Hawk, he, 
with some other chiefs, was conducted through the principal cities of the Union, to 
convince them of the vast power and resources of the whites. 

BLAKELEY, JOHNSTON. 
Captain Johnston Blakeley entered the army in 1800, and was appointed master- 
commandant in 1813. While commanding the Wasp, he captured the British ship 



18 BLANNERHASSET — BOSCAWEX. 

la'indeer, after an action of nineteen minnte?. - Finding it impossible to save his prize, 
he set it on fire. In 1814 he fell in with four sail of vessels : the first was the brig-of-war 
Avon, which struck her colors after a severe action; but as another enemy was ap- 
proaching, he could not take possession of her. This vessel, however, went to the 
assistance of the Avon, which was sinking. The Wasp was never heard of afterwards. 
The Legislature of North Carolina voted a sword to Captain Blakeley, and provided for 
the education of his only daughter. 

BLANNERHASSET, HERMAN. 1767-1831. 

Herman Blannerhasset was horn in England, of Irish parents, in 1767. His educa- 
tion accorded with the wealth and social position of his fathers family. He married a 
highly accomplished lady; and, on emigrating to America, fixed his residence on a 
beautiful island in the Ohio River, opposite Marietta. To all the advantages of great 
natural lieauty, he added everything that money could purchase, and soon made it one 
of the most beautiful and romantic residences in the country. In addition to all that 
could embellish and adorn, one wing of his house was furnished with a voluminous 
library, complete chemical apparatus, and all the philosophical instruments found in 
the best public institutions. In 1805, Aaron Burr, while sailing down the Ohio River, 
became the guest of Blannerhasset, whom he so involved in his own political schemes, 
that Blannerhasset was entirely ruined. He was prosecuted for treason, as an accom- 
plice of Burr, and, though acquitted, his prosperity was at an end. He died on the 
Island of Guernsey, in 1831. 

BLISS, W. W. S. 1814-1853. 

Colonel Bliss fought with General Taylor in Florida in 1840, and greatly distingiiished 
himself, in 1846, in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, for which he re- 
ceived the rank of Brevet-^NLnjor. In 1S47 he received his com.mission of Lieutenant- 
Colonel, " for gallant conduct in the battle of Buena Yista." He married General 
Taylor's youngest daughter; and died in 1853, generally respected and beloved. 

BODISCO, ALEXANDER DE. 1767-1854. 
Alexander Bodisoo was for many years Russian Minister to the United States. He 
married Miss Williams, of Georgetown, an American lady of great beauty. M. BodLsoo 
was remarkable for his financial abilities. The property left by him must exceed half 
a million of dollars. He died at Washington, in 1854. 

BOONE, DANIEL. 1730-1820. 
Daniel Boone was born in Virginia in 1730, and removed when quite young to North 
Carolina. After exploring the interior of Kentucky as far as the Cumberland River, 
he removed there with his family. His life, for many years, was a continued warfare 
with the Indians and French. His two sons and brother were killed, and Boone him- 
self detained in a long captivity. On one occasion, when attacked by Captain Dagesne, 
with 450 men, he defended himself in a rude fort, garrisoned by only 50 men. Civilizar 
tion followed in liis footsteps, and. in seventeen years after he entered Kentucky, it 
contained a population of half a million. Worldly prudence, however, was not one of 
his qualities; and, too late, he discovered that he had secured no legal title to his estate. 
With execrations on the dishonesty and ingratitude of his countrymen, he betook 
himself to the yet unexplored wilds of Missouri. Congress made him a grant in the 
latter part of his life. He died in 1820. 

BOSCAWEN, EDWARD. 1711-1761. 
Admiral Boscawen so highly distinguished himself in the "War of the Spanish Suc- 
cession," that, in 1747, he was sent to the East Indies, with the rank of Rear Admiral 



BOYD — BREWSTER. 19 

of the Blue. In 1758, in conjunction with Lord Amherst, he took Cape Breton and 
Louisburg. For these, and many other services, he was loaded with honors. He died 
in 1761. 

BOYD, JOHN P. 
General Boyd, an officer in the army of the United States, commanded the detach- 
ment of 1500 men, of Williamson's army, which fought the battle of Williamsburg, 
Upper Canada, in 1813. He died in 1830. 

BRADDOCK, EDWARD. 
Major-General Braddock was Commander-in-chief of the British forces in America, in 
1765. While conducting an expedition against Fort Du Quesne, he disregarded the 
advice of the Colouial officer?, and fell into an ambuscade. Every officer, except 
Washington, was killed. The British loss was not less than 700. Braddock was con- 
veyed to Dunbar's camp, where he expired. 

BRADFORD, WILLIAM. 1589-1657. 
William Bradford was the second Governor of the Plymouth Colony. At the age of 
eighteen, attempting to remove to Holland, he was imprisoned in Boston, Lincolnshire, 
lie succeeded, however, in reaching Amsterdam, and sailed in the first ship that came 
to America. On the death of Carver, he was elected Governor, and, by his wise and 
energftjc measures, contributed greatly to the prosperity of the Colony. He was 
annually chosen Governor as long as he lived, except in the years 1633, 1634, 1636, 1638, 
and 1644, in which years he declined the election. He di«d in 1657. 

BRADSTREET, JOHN. 

Colonel Bradstreet was Governor of St. John's, Newfoundland, in 1746. While 
endeavoring to open a communication with Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario, he obtained 
an important victory over the Indians, in 1756. He took Fort Frontenac in 1758. He 
died in 1774. 

BRANDT, JOSEPH. 

Joseph Brandt, an Onondaga Chief of the Mohawk tribe, supposed to be a half-breed, 
was born on the banks of the Mohawk River, about the year 1742. Sir William John- 
ston took great interest in him, and had him educated in New Hampshire. In 1775 
he visited England, where he was greatly embittered against the Americans. Asso- 
ciated with Colonel Butler, under command of St. Leger, he commenced his bloody 
career at Fort Stanwix. Brandt has been charged with being the leader at Wyoming, 
but late investigations have proved that he was not present. The massacre at Cherry 
Valley, and successive attacks on the frontier settlements of New York, sufficiently 
brand his character with infamy. King George conferred on Brandt a tract of land on 
Liike Ontario, where he retired, and spent the remainder of his days. The character 
of Brandt does not seem to be well understood: many contending that he has been 
much maligned, and that a large portion of the odium that has been cast on him 
really belongs to Colonel Butler. 

BREWSTER, WILLIAM. 1560-1644. 
William Brewster, one of the first settlers of the Plymouth Colony, was imprisoned 
in England, together with Mr. Bradford and others, in 1607, just as they were about to 
embark for Holland. With much difficulty and expense, he succeeded in reaching 
Leydeu, and such was his reputation in the church, that he was chosen ruling elder, 
and accompanied its members who came to America in 1620. Few in that noble band 
of emigrants excelled William Brewster in learning, piety, or benevolence. He died 
in 164-1. 

2» 



20 BEOCK — BURKE. 

BEOCK, ISAAC. 
Isaac Brock, Major-General in the British array, invaded Michigan, and received Ihe 
surrender of the territory, together with all the forces commanded by General Hull, 
August 16th, 1812. Two months later, he was killed in the battleofQueenstown, while 
repulsiDg the Americans under A^an Rensselaer. During his funeral, the guns of the 
American fort were fired in token of respect. 

BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VEKE. 1776-1841. 
Admiral Broke was the gallant commander of the Shannon in its engagement with 
the Chesapeake. 

BROWN, JACOB. 1775-1828. 

Blajor-General Brown, in early life, belonged to the Society of Friends. He purchased 
a lot of land on the frontier, and used every means to obtain settlers; having collected 
a sufficient number, he organized a company of militia, and so far shook off the Quaker 
as to take the command. On the breaking out of the war of 1812, he became Major- 
General of the regular army, and distinguished himself by the repulse of the British at 
Sackett's Harlwr, and in the battles of Chippeway and Lundy's Lane. Being appointed 
to the head of the army, he fixed his head-quarters at Wixshington City, where he died 
in 1828. 

BUCHANAN, JAMES. 1791. 

Hon. James Buchanan, statesman, and late Secretary of State, was born April 13th, 
1791, in Franklin County, Pa. Having passed through a regular clai^sical and academi- 
cal course of instruction, he studied and adopted the law as a profession. In 1814 he 
was elected to the State Legislature. He served two sessions, and then declined a 
re-election. In 1821 he went to Congress, and remained until 1831, when he refused 
another election, and retired to private life. In May he accepted a mission to Russia, 
offered by President Jackson; and, on his return in 1S34, was elected to the Senate of 
the United States. He was appointed Secretary of State by President Polk, in March, 
1845, which office he held until the close of the Administration. Mr. Buchanan, as a 
politician, ranks with the Democratic party, by whom he is highly respected. He be- 
came President in 1857. The opposing candidate was Col. J. C. Fremont, the nominee 
of the Republican party. 

BURBECK, HENRY. 1754-1848. 

General Henry Burbeck, an officer in the Revolutionary War, and War of 1812, .re- 
ceived his first commission, as Lieutenant, in 1775. In 1775 he was at Cambridge, in 
1776 in the vicinity of New York, and in 1777 at Brandywine and Germantown. He 
fought at Monmouth, and remained in active service until the close of the war. He 
was with General Wayne in the Indian wars of the Northwest Territory, and for four 
years was stationed at Fort Mackinaw. In the war of 1812 he commanded at New 
York, Newport, New London, and Greenbush. He was one of the original members 
of the Society of Cincinnati. He died in 1848. 

EURGOYNE, JOHN. 
John Burgoyne, a Lieutenant- General in the British army, having displayed great 
talent and energy on the Continent in 1762, was appointed to the command of the 
forces which were to penetrate from Canada into the revolted provinces. At first he 
was successful, but insuperable difficulties thickening around him, he was ultimately 
compelled to surrender at Saratoga in 1777. He wrote several dramas, and died in 1792. 

BURKE, EDMUND. 17*^0-1797. 
Edmund Burke, a celebi-ated statesman, politician, orator, and writer, was born in 
Ireland, in 1730. He was contemporary with Pitt and Fox. and advocated the cause 



BURNET — BUTLER. 21 

of the Colonies, in opposition to the impolitic and ruinous measures of the Cabinet. 
He died in 1797. 

BURNET, WILLIAM. 1688-1729. 
William Burnet, son of Bishop Burnet, was born at the Hague, in 1688. He -was 
appointed Governor of New York and New Jersey in 1720, which office he held until 
1728, His administration was characterized by his endeavors to obtain a fixed salary, 
and by his vigorous measures to withstand the encroachments of the French, for which 
purpose he built Fort Oswego. In 1728 he was appointed Governor of Massachusetts 
and New Hampshire, and died in 1729. 

BURR, AARON. 1756-1830. 
Aaron Burr was the son of the celebrated divine of that name, and of a daughter of 
Jonathan Edwards. He graduated at College in 1772, having won for himself a 
reputation for talent, industry, and application. He accompanied Arnold in the expe- 
dition to Quebec, and acted as aid-de-camp to Montgomery, when that General fell 
fighting by his side, December 31st, 1775. In 1776 he was received by Gen. Washington 
as one of his staff, but was soon dismissed in consequence of immorality. After the war 
he obtaiiied great reputation as a lawyer, and represented the Republican party in 
several important offices, among which were Attorney-General of New York, and 
J?enator. In the Presidential election of 1809, he and Jefferson having received the 
same number of electoral votes, the House of Representatives decided in favor of Jef- 
ferson, and elected Burr, Tice-Pre.'=ident, In 1804, in consequence of political differences. 
Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, in which Hamilton was killed. In 1807 he was 
arrested and tried at Richmond on a charge of treason, in endeavoring to separate the 
territory west of the Mississippi River, to erect a distinct government. He was 
acquitted, but, from that time until his death, lived in obscurity. He died at Staten 
Island, N,Y., in 1836. 

BUTLER, JOHN. 

Colonel John Butler was a native of Connecticut, but removed to the valley of Wyo- 
ming, where, in 1778, at the head of 1600 men, of which 300 were Indians, and the rest 
Tories, he attacked the towns and villages, indiscriminately massacreing those who 
submitted, as well as those who fought. To the question, what terms would be granted, 
he replied, '• The hatchet." The most atrocious barbarities were pi-actised on persons 
of both sexes and every age. He renewed these cruelties in Cherry Yalley, where he 
sent his son the same year, in company with Brandt, the Indian chief. Brandt was 
not present at Wyoming, and, even in Cherry Yalley, the Indian was more merciful 
than the white man. 

BUTLER, WALTER. 

Walter Butler was the son of Colonel John Butler, who acquired such notoriety for 
the cruelties practised at Wyoming, and other frontier settlements. Accompanied by 
Brandt, he conducted the expedition against Cherry Yalley in 1778, and tarnished his 
name by murdering, in cold blood, defenceless women and children. 

BUTLER, ZEBULON. 
Colonel Zebulon Butler was a resident of Wyoming in 1778, when it was attacked by 
British regulars and Indians, led by the notorious Col. John Butler. At the head of 
400 settlers. Col. Zeb. Butler made a gallant defence, July od, but was totally defeated. 
The next day, July 4th, the fort was attacked, and nearly all were slain. The remnant 
in the fort, having sent a flag of truce to know what terms must be expected, received 
in reply, '• The hatchet." The settlement was entirely destroyed. 



22 CABOT — CAMPBELL. 

C. 

THE CABOTS. 
John Cabot and his son Sebastian were Venetian naTJgators, in the employ of Henry 
VII. of England, from whom the former received a commission in 1497 to conquer and 
settle unknown lands, and find out a Northwest passage to the East Indies. Sebastian 
Cabot was the first European who landed on the Continent. 

CADWALLADER, JOHN. 
General Cadwallader was a man of inflexible patriotism and undoubted bravery. He 
challenged General Conway to a duel, in consequence of the intrigue in which Conway 
was engaged for placing Gates at the head of the army. He died in 1786. 

CALHOUN, JOHN C. 1782-1850. 
John Caldwell Calhoun was born in South Carolina, in 1782. He was educated at 
Yale College, and at the Law School at Litchfield, Connecticut. He was sent to Con- 
gress in 1811. where he remained until 1817, when he was appointed Secretary of War 
by President Monroe. He was Vice-President with John Quincy Adams, as also 
during General Jackson's first term; and continued to take a prominent part in public 
affairs, holding many important ofBces, and filling all with his characteristic energy 
and vigor. He continued in the Senate until his death, in 1850. 

CALVERT. 

Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, son of George Calvert, succeeded to his father's 
title and estate in 1632. He appointed his brother, Leonard, Governor of Maryland, 
and died in 1676. 

George Calvert was born in 1585. On his adoption of Roman Catholic principles, in 
1624, he was admitted to the Privy Council, and creptcd Lord Baltimore. He also 
received a patent of the south-eastern extremity of Newfoundland, but being annoyed 
by the French, he visited Virginia. Finding his religious principles displeasing to that 
colony, he fixed on the unoccupied territory north of the Potomac River, and obtained 
a grant of it from Charles I., but died in 1632, before the completion of the patent, 
which was granted to his son Cecil in the same year. 

Leonard Calvert was the second son of George Calvert, Lord Baltimore. He was 
appointed by his brother, Cecil Calvert, first Governor of Maryland. Accompanied by 
his brother George, and 200 Roman Catholics, he sailed for the colony in 1633. On the 
establishment of the Commonwealth in England, the Parliament took possession of the 
colony, and appointed another Governor; but at the Restoration, the right reverted to 
the original proprietor. 

Philip Calvert, Governor of Maryland, 1660-1662. 

Charles Calvert, son and heir of Cecil, Lord Baltimore, Governor of Maryland in 1662. 

Charles Calvert, Governor of Maryland in 1720. 

Benedict Leonard Calvert, Governor of Maryland in 1727. 

Frederick Calvert, Lord Baltimore, proprietor of Maryland, was distinguished for his 
literary talents. He died in 1771. 

CAMDEN, LORD. 1713-1794. 
Charles Pratt, Earl of Camden, was Lord Chancellor of England in 1766, and Presi- 
dent of Council in 1782. 

CAMPBELL, ARTHUR. 1742-1816. 
Colonel Arthur Campbell, born in Augusta County, Va., in 1742, was taken prisoner 
by the Indians, and carried to the wilderness, in the vicinity of Lakes Erie and Michi- 



CARLETON— CARVER. 23 

gan. He was kindly treated by tbe Chief, who adopted him. He joined in the hunting 
excursions, and made himself familiar with th(dr language. After a captivity of three 
years, he made his escape, and reached the outposts of the British army, which were 
several hundred miles east, reconnoitering the movements of the different hostile 
tribes, and obtaining information of great value to the British. At the commencement 
of the Revolution he took the side of American liberty, and was raised to the rank of 
Colonel. He was intimately acquainted with Edmund Tendleton, llichard Henry Loe, 
George Mason, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, lie died in 1816. 

CARLETON, SIR GUY. 
Sir Guy Carleton was Captain-General, and Governor of Canada, at the commence- 
ment of the Revolutionary War. He had distinguished himself in the attack on Quebec, 
in the French and Indian War. He successfully defend(!d Quebec against Montgomery 
and Arnold in 1775, and is gratefully remembered for his kind treatment of American 
prisoners. He was superseded in the command of the Northern army by Burgoyne, 
but, in 1782, was appointed to succeed Sir Henry Clinton. On the conclusion of peace, 
in 1783, he evacuated New York, November 5th, and died in England in 1808. 

CARROLL, CHARLES. 1737-1832. 
Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, was born at Annapolis, in 1737. He was educated in France, where he 
studied civil law, and pursued the study of common law in England. His mind was 
highly cultJA'ated, and he was much distinguished for urbanity of manners and social 
virtues. He quitted public life in 1810, and died in 1832. 

CARTERET, SIR GEORGE. 

Sir George Carteret was one of the first proprietors of the province of New Jersey 
He called it Jersey, from the island of that name, where he resided. Elizabethtown 
was named in honor cf his wife. In the division of the province, in 1677, East Jersey 
fell to him, and West Jersey to the other proprietor, Billings. From this division came 
the term, '• The Jerseys." 

CARTIER, JAMES. 

James (or Jacques.) Cartier, a French navigator, sent out by Francis I., in order to 
establish a colony near the fishing-banks of Newfoundland. The King said: "The 
kings of Spain and Portugal are taking pwsession of theJScw World, without giving 
me a part. I should be glad to see the article in Adam's last will which gives them 
America." In 1534, Cartier visited the greater part of the coast of the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence. The following year, he sailed up the river as far as Ilochelaga, now MontreaL 
In 1510, Lord Roberval was commissioned by the king as Lieutenant-Governor of 
Canada, and Cartier was appointed pilot. He returned to France in 1542. 

CARTWRIGHT, GEORGE. 
Colonel Cartwright was one of King Charles's Commissioners to New England, with 
Nicholls, Carr, and Maverick, in 1604. When they informed the Court that they 
ehould sit, and hear a cause the next day, the Court published, by " sound of trumpet," 
a prohi1)ition against any person abutting in the i)roceediiig. The Commissioners, finding 
they had to do with a stiff-necked people, quickly departed. 

CARVER, JOHN. 
John Carver, the first Governor of the Plymouth Colony, was among the emigrants 
to Leyden who composed Mr. Robinson's churcli in that place. He came to America 
with the first company, and, before they landed, Mr. Carver was elected Governor. He 



24 CHAMPE — CHARLES II. 

conducted the afiFairs of the Colony with great prudence, and, In the ensuing March, 
was confirmed as Governor for another year. He died suddenly in 1622. 

CHAMPE, JOHN. 
John Champe was a sergeant-major in Lee's legion of cavalry. After Arnold's 
treason, he was sent as a spy to New York, for two purposes : to ascertain whether 
another American General was a traitor, as had been suggested — and, if possible, to 
bring Arnold back to the American head-quarters. He deserted, and Lee having made 
an unsuccessful pursuit, Champe reached the British lines, and was received with great 
satisfaction by the Commander-in-chief. He was immediately appointed one of 
Arnold's recruiting sergeants. Champe soon procured abundant evidence of the inno- 
cence of the American General, but the dearest wish of Washington's heart, the capture 
of Arnold could not be effected. Champe succeeded in rejoining the American army in 
North Carolina, and Washington granted him a discharge, lest, falling into the hands 
of the enemy, he should die on a gibbet. He died some years after in Kentucky. 

CHAMPLAIN, SAMUEL DE. 
Samuel De Champlain, a man of considerable reputation as a naval officer, was sent 
by De Chatte, Lieutenant-General of Canada, to that country in 1603. He founded 
Quebec in 1608, and was continually employed in promoting the interests of the colony, 
until 1629, when it was taken by the English, and Champlain carried captive to France. 
In 1633, when Canada was restored to the French, Champlain was appointed Governor, 
■which office he held until his death, in 1635. 

CHARLES L 1600-1649. 

Charles I., king of England from 1625 to 1649, the son of James I. and Anne, of 
Denmark, was born in Scotland in 1600. Educated in ultra ideas as to the prerogative 
of the king, and holding intolerant views on the subject of religion, Charles, both in 
civil and ecclesiastical affairs, enacted the most oppressive laws; and, at a time when 
the mass of the people were throwing off the chains which had so long bound them, 
endeavored to maintain his absolute authority. Large numbers of the disaffected, 
either to monarchy or Episcopacy, emigrated to America, while a still greater number 
remained, to hasten that catastrophe which brought Charles to the scaffold. In 
1634, ship money began to be levied; 1635, the king prevented Cromwell,. Hampden, 
Hazelrig, and Pym, from emigrating to America ; 1637, the liturgy was ordered to 
be read in the Presbyterian churches of Scotland; 1640, commencement of the Long 
Parliament; 1643, battle of Edgehill; 1644, battle of Marston Moor; 1645, battle of 
Naisby; 1649, execution of the king. Charles married Henrietta Maria, daughter of 
Henry IV. of France. Their children were Charles II., James II., Henry, Mary Elizar 
beth and Henrietta. 

CHARLES II. 1630-1685. 

Charles II., king of England from 1660 to 1685, was born in 1630. He was at the Hague 
when his father was executed, and immediately assumod the royal title. Having invaded 
Scotland for the purpose of regaining the throne, he was totally defeated at Dunbar and 
ut Worcester, by Cromwell, in 1651. Ilis subsequent adventures, and his numerous hair- 
breadth escapes, are well known. In 1659, General Monk entered into those negotia- 
tions that resulted in the restoration of monarchy, and the peaceful occupation of the 
throne by Charles in 1660. An act of indemnity was passed, including all, except those 
immediately concerned in the king's death. In consequence, the regicides, Goffe 
Whalley, and Dixwell, were obliged to flee. In 1662, the "Act of Conformity" to the 
Established Church was passed, by which nearly all the Presbyterian clergy were 
obliged to resign their livings. In 1663, the -'Second Navigation Acts" were passed. 



CHARLES IX. — CLARK. 25 

The same yr-ar, General Monk, who, in consideration of his pervices, was created Duke 
of Albemarle, received, with seven others, the province of Carolina. In 1664, the Eng- 
lish seized on all the Dutch provinces in North America, and Charles granted them to 
his brother, the Duke of York and Albany. The careless extravagance and licentious- 
ness of diaries, involved him in continual difficulties. lie accepted a pension from 
Louis XTV., closed the Exchequer in 1672, deprived the colonists of the right of free 
trade iu 1672, and gave the people reason to suppose that at heart he was a Roman 
Catholic. In 1678, the Habeas Corpus Act was passed, and an attempt made to 
exclude the Duke of York from the throne. The remainder of the reign is noted 
for the discovery of the Rye House and Meal Tub Plots, the execution of Lord "William 
Russel and Algernon Sidney, and the barbarous warfare that was carried on in Scotland 
by Claverhouse, to compel the Covenanters to embrace the Episcopal religion. At his 
death, in 168.5, the king received the rites of the Romish Church. Charles married 
Catharine of Braganza, and had no children by his wife. 

CHARLES IX. 1550-1574. 
Charles IX., king of France from 1560 to 1574, succeeded his brother, Francis II. 
During his minority he was guided by his mother, Catharine de Medicis. The kingdom 
was divided by political and religious factions, headed by such men as Coude, Coligni, 
and the Duke of Guise. The weak and vacillating monarch maintained a course of 
conduct full of hypocrisy and dissimulation, and, while professing the warmest friend- 
ship for Admiral Coligni, was secretly planning that horrible massacre of the Protest- 
ants (St. Bartholomew's Day, 1572), in which Coligni was the first victim. The memory 
of these horrid scenes never left him, and, on his death-bed, produced an appalling 
effect on his tortured conscience. He died in 1574. 

CHAUXCEY, ISAAC. 
Commodore Isaac Chauncey was born in Connecticut. lie served with distinction 
under Preble and Truxton, in the Tripolitan War; and, in 1813, was placed in com- 
mand of Lake Ontario. Com. Chauncey negotiated the treaty with Algiers, in 1816. 
Ho died in 1840. 

CHURCH, BENJAMIN. 

Benjamin Church, celebrated for his exploits in the Indian Wars of New England, 
was born at Duxbury, Massachusetts, in 1639. He commanded the party which killed 
King Philip, August, 1676. 

CLARENDON, EARL OF. 1C08-1674. 
Edward Hyde (the Earl of Clarendon,) was born in Wiltshire, in 1608. He labored 
to sustain the falling fortunes of King Charles, by whom he was knighted in 1643. 
"When the king's cause was ruined, Hyde retired to the Island of Jersey, where he 
resided for nearly three years, and wrote a considerable part of his " History of the 
Rebellion." After the Restoration he was loaded with honors, but it was not long 
before he became unpopular, and the kindness of the king began to diminish. He was 
removed from all employments in 1667, and, being impeached by the "ommons, thought 
it prudent to go into voluntary exile. He died in 1674. His daughter, Anne, married 
James, Duke of York, afterwards James II. Lord Cornbury, Governor of New York 
and New Jersey in 1702, was his son. * 

CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS. 
General Clark, the brother of Gen. Wm. Clark, took commatid of a body of tronp.s 
designed to harrass the Indians, after the massacre of Wyoming. He captured the 
British posts of Yincenncs and Kaskaskia, surprised the commander of Dtitroit, and 
made him and the garrison prisoners. 



HI CLARK — CLINTON. 

CLARK, WILLIAM. 1770-1838. 
General Clark fought in the Revolutionary War; accompanied Captain Merriwetlior 
Lewis, of the Northwestern Expedition, to the Pacific Ocean ; and, during the War of 
1812, was oflfered the appointment of Brigadier-General, and the command held by Hull. 

CLAY, HENRY. 1777-1852. 
Henry Clay, a distinguished statesman, was horn in Virginia, in the neighborhood 
of the "Slashes," — hence the sobriquet, "the mill-boy of the Slashes." He Avas 
admitted to the bar at an early age, and, in connection with the practice of law, took a 
warm interest in politics. When a Convention was called to revise the Constitvition 
of Kentucky, Clay rendered himself remarkable for his efforts towards the election of 
such delegates as were in favor of the emancipation of the slaves. His opposition to 
the "Alien and Sedition Acts" soon rendered him a general favorite, and he was elected, 
by a large majority, to the Legislature of Kentucky. In 1806 he was chosen Senator, 
in which position he acquired that reputation as a great statef^man and orator which 
distinguished him during his political career. In 1813 he was one of the commissioners 
to negotiate peace at Glient. Clay took an active part in the acknowledgment of the 
independence of the South American Republics, the Tariff question, and the settlement 
of the Missouri difficulty. In 1824, Jackson, Crawford, Adams, and Clay, were candi. 
dates for the Presidency. There being no election, the House of Representatives chose 
Adams, Clay having withdrawn in his favor. President Adams appointed Clay his 
Secretary of State, from whence arose the unfounded charge of "bargain and sale." 
He competed with Andrew Jackson, in 1832, for the Presidency, and in 1844 with 
James K. Polk, but was each time defeated. In 1849 he was again elected U. S. Senator, 
but his health declining after an unsuccessful voyage to the West Indies, he returned 
^-ffj? to Washington, and died Ianiviiiy-29th, 1852. 

CLINCH, DUNCAN L. 
General Clinch had command of the army in Florida, in 1835, when the Seminoles 
became troublesome. In the battle of the Withlacooche, December 31st, 1835, with 225 
soldiers, in one hour, he drove 700 determined and ferocious savages from their fast- 
nesses. He resigned his commission in 1836, and died in 1849. 

CLINTON, CHARLES. 
Charles Clinton emigrated from Irel.and to this country in 1719, and fought at the 
capture of Fort Frontenac, with Bradstreet, in 1758. He died in 1773, leaving four sons, 
one of whom was Vice-President of the United States, and another was Brigadier- 
General in the American Army. 

CLINTON, GEORGE. 1739-1812. 
George Clinton, Vice-President of the United States, was born in New York, in 1739. 
He served with his father, Charles Clinton, at Fort Frontenac, in 1758. From 1777 to 
1795, he was Governor of New York, and again in 1801. In 1804 he became Vice- 
President of the United States, and died in 1812. 

CLINTON, JAMES. 1736-1812. 
James Clinton served with his father, Charles Clinton, at the taking of Frontenac, in 
1758 ; accompanied Montgomery to Quebec, in 1775 ; and was appointed Brigadier-General 
the following year. While his brother, George, was Governor of New York, he was 
overpowered by Sir H. Clinton, and narrowly escaped with his life. He served with 
Sullivan in 1779, and was present at the surrender of Cornwallis. He died in 1812. 



CLINTON — CONWAY. 27 

CLINTON, SIR HENRY. 
Sir Henry Clinton arrived in the Cerberus, May 25th, 1775, and fought bravely at 
Bunker Hill. Early in January, 1776, VV'ashingtou, learning that Clinton was about 
to sail on a secret expedition, disimtchcd Lee to New York. Clinton arrived at Sandy 
Hook the same day that Leo entered the city, and, in March, sailed for South Carolina, 
where he was followed by Lee. He was defeated at Charleston, and returned to New 
York, July 11th; was in the battle of Long Island, and commanded the left wing at 
White Plains. Sir Peter Parker, with the land forces commanded by Clinton and Earl 
Percy, arrived at Newport, Rhode Island, Dec. 25th. Clinton remained until May, 1777, 
•when he sailed for New York, leaving Prescott in command. In October, Clinton and 
Taughn took Forts Clinton and Independence, and made an expedition against the 
towns on the Hudson- River. Clinton succeeded Sir William Howe in command of the 
British army. May 11th, 1778; evacuated Philadelphia, June 18th; and fought the battle 
of Monmouth, June 28th: Clinton escaped to New York. In Augu.st. the fleet of Lord 
Howe, with Sir H. Clinton, went to Newport, but, hearing of the retreat of Sullivan the 
da}' before, went to Boston, and, on their return, destroyed the shipping along the coast. 
June 1st, 1779, he captured Stony and Yerplanck's Points. Feb. 11th, 1780, Admiral 
Arbuthnofs fleet, bearing Sir H. Clinton, appeared off Charleston. The town capitu- 
lated, May 11th. Clinton returned to New York early in June, leaving Cornwallis in 
command. On the 23d of June, Clinton, with Knyphausen, went to Springfield, N. J.; 
in July, sailed to the relief of Newport, but, having reached Huntington Baj-, in Long 
Island Sound, returned to head-quarters in New York city. On the day of the capitu- 
lation of Yorktown, Clinton arrived off the Capes of the Chesapeake, but, hearing of 
the surrender of Cornwallis, he returned to New York, where he remained until he 
was superseded by Carleton, when he left the country, in 1782. He died in 1795. 

CODDINGTON, WILLIAM. 1601-1678. 
William Coddington, the founder of the Rhode Island Plantations (as Roger Williams 
was, of the Providence Plantations), was born in England, and emigrated to Massachu- 
eetts in 1630. He removed to Aquetneck, or Rhode Island, where he established a 
colony " to be governed by the laws of the Lord Jesus Christ." In 1640, Coddington wa.^ 
appointed Governor; in 1674 and 1675 he was again elected Governor, and died in 1678. 

COLIGXY, GASPARD. 1516-1572. 
Gaspard de Coligny, the celebrated Protestant leader, anxious to provide an asylum 
for the persecuted Protestants of France, sent out two expeditions to the New World: 
one in 1562, under Ribault, another in 1564. Coligny was one of the first victims of 
the memorable '• Massacre of St. Bartholomew," August 24th, 1572, when 30,000 Protest- 
fints were murdered by the Roman Catholics, headed by the Duke of Guise. 

COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER. 1435-1506. 
Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, in 1435. In his first voyage, in 1492, he 
discovered Guanahani, &c., the inhabitants of which countries he named Indians, from 
a mistaken notion that these colonies lay on the east coast of India. In his second 
voyage he discovered several of the West Indies, and founded a colony at Hay ti ; but 
it was not until his third voyage, in 1498, that he saw the main-land, at the mouth of 
the Orinoco River. Having assumed the command of the colonies, such serious com- 
plaints were made against him, that he was not merely displaced, but Boabdilla, the 
new Governor, sent him back to Spain in chains. His fourth and last voyage was 
made in 1502. He died in 1506, at Yalladolid. His remains were conveyed to St. Do- 
mingo, but, in 1795, were removed with great pomp to Havana, in Cuba. 

CONWAY, THOMAS. 
. General Conway was born in Ireland, and educated in France, whore he acquired 
considerable reputation as an officer. Having come to America, he was appointed 
IL — 3 



28 CORN BUR Y—CROGIIAN. 

Brigadier-General in 1777, and Foon rendered himself conspicuous by his hostility to 
General Washinajton, and his endeavors to substitute General Gates in the station of 
Commander-in-chief. His calumnies against Washington at length became so atro- 
cious, that Gen. Cadwallader challenged him to a duel. Conway, having received a Imll 
through the lower part of his head, wrote a satisfactory letter of apology to Washiugtou 

for the injury he had inflicted. 

CORNBUEY, LORD. 

Edward Ilyde (Lord Cornbury). son of the Earl of Clarendon, was one of the first 
officers who deserted the army of King James. In gratitude for his services, King 
"William appointed him Governor of New York and New Jersey in 1702. His adminis- 
tration was marked by the grossest injustice. Tn 1707, contrary to law. he imprisoned 
two Presbyterian ministers for presuming to preach without a license. lie was 
removed from office in 1708, and died in 1723. 

CORNWALLIS, CHARLES. 17GS-1S05. 
Lord Comwallis entered the army at an early age, and obtained deserved promotion 
in the last campaign of the French and Indian "War. He arrived in America in May, 
1776, and joined Clinton at Charleston. In August he commanded a division in the 
battle of Long Island; Nov. 16, at Fort"\rashington; took Fort Lee, and pursued Wash- 
ington through the "Jerseys." Confident of the strength of the British army. Corn- 
vrallis returned to New York, and prepared to sail for England, but the defeat of the 
British at Trenton and at Princeton obliged him to return to New Brunswick. In the 
month of August, 1777, he was at Erandywine, and entered Philadelphia soon after. 
In June, 1778, he was at Monmouth. April ISth, 17S0, Cornwallis arrived at Charles- 
ton, and. on the return of Clinton to New York, took the chief command; fought the 
battle of Camden, and pursued Gen. Greene to Tirginia; fought the battle of Guilford 
Court-IIouse ; went to Wilmington, thence to Virginia, where he overran the country, 
and destroyed an immense amount of property. In August he posted himself at York- 
town, where he surrendered, Oct. 19th, 17S1. He afterwards was Governor-General of 

India, and died in 1805. 

CORTEZ, HERNAJS'DO. 1485-1547. 

Hernando Cortez was born in 1485. He distinguished himself under Telasquez in 
the conquest of Cuba, and conducted an expedition to the newlj'-discovered coast of 
Yucatan and Jlexico. Thirsting after absolute power, Cortez, by a bold stroke of policy, 
seized Montezuma, and finally completed the conquest of Mexico. For many years pre- 
vious to his death he had been deprived of all power, and was treated by the sovereign 
of Spain with ungr.acious neglect. It is related of him that, when forcing himself into 
the presence of the king, the latter coldly inquired who he was, ho replied, "I am a 
man who has gained you more proviyices than your father left you tmviis." He died 
in Spain, in 1547. 

CROCKETT, DAVID. 

Colonel Crockett was born in Tennessee. The only schooling he received was two 
months' instruction in reading and writing. His remarkable skill in hunting, added 
to his free and companionable manners, rendered him very popular among his neigh- 
bors, and, in 1827, he was elected to represent them In Congress. His singular deport- 
ment, and odd modes of expression, not only in private intercourse, but on the floor 
of the House of Representatives, acquired for him great notoriety. He removed to 
Texas in 1834, and took an active part in the eflforts to make that State independent. 
He fell in 1836. fighting heroically in defence of the Alamo, in San Antonio de Bexar. 

CROGHAN, GEORGE. 1791-1849. 
General Croghan was born in Kentucky, in 1791. He distinguished himself at Tip- 
pecanoe in 1811, and at Fort Meigs, and Fort Stephenson, in Lower Sandusky, in 1813, 
where he held a fort surrounded merely by pickets, and garrisoned by only ICO men, 



CROMWELL — DALLAS. 20 

against General Proctor, at the head of 1200 men. In 1846 he joined General Taylor in 
Mexico, and served with credit at Monterey. He died in 1849. 

CROMWELL, OLIVER. 1599-1658. 

Oliver Cromwell was born in 1599. He bi'cume a member of the Parliament of 
Charles I., in 1625, and was a warm opposcrof all the measures of the crown. In 1635 
he would have emigrated to Massachusetts, but was forbidden by the king. On the com- 
mencement of hostilities, he obtained a Captaiu's commission, and rose rapidly to the 
rank of Lieutenant-General. After the death of the king, in 1649, Cromwell was ap- 
pointed Lord Governor of Ireland. On the invasion of England by Charles II., he was 
recalled, and made Captain-General of all the Parliament forces, at the head of which 
he marched into Scotland, defeated the Scots at Dunbar, followed Charles into England, 
and completely routed him at Worcei<ter in 1651. Cromwell, finding his power uncon- 
trollable, and disapproving of the action of the Long Parliament in 1653, abruptly 
entered the House, turned out the members, and locked the doors. The same year he 
was invested with supreme authority, under the title of " Lord Protector of the king- 
doms of England, Ireland, and Scotland;" in which station he ruled with great ability, 
and raised the country to a higher position than it had ever before attained. Cromwell 
died in 1658. 

CULPEPPER, THOMAS. 

Lord Culpepper was Governor of Virginia from 1680 to 1683. In 1673, the king, dis- 
regarding the claims of the settlers, gave away to his two favorites, Arlington and 
Culpepper, '' all the dominion of land and water called Virginia, for the space of thirty- 
one years." On the arrival of Culpepper, in 1680, the Assembly passed an Act of 
Indemnity for all offences committed by those engaged in Bacon's Rebellion. An act 
was also passed to prevent the frequent meetings of slaves. He died in 1719. 



D. 

DALE, RICHARD. 1756-1826. 
Richard Dale, Commodore in the United States Navy, entered as midshipman on 
board the Lexington, and, having been taken prisoner by the British, he escaped to 
France, and served under Paul Jones in the Bonhomme Richard. He commanded 
the U. S. Squadron in the Mediterranean, from April, 1801, to December, 1802, when he 
resigned his commission, and retired to private life. He died in 1826. 

DALE, SIR THOMAS. 
Sir Thomas Dale succeeded Lord Delaware as Governor of Virginia, in May, 
1611. His administration was rigorous, and excited great dissatisfaction, but the inte- 
rests of the Colony were promoted. In August, 1611, he was succeeded by Sir Thomas 
Gates. He continued to take an active part in the affairs of the colony, and, on the 
return of Gates to England, in 1614, the chief command devolved on him. He returned 
to England, in 1616, and afterwards went to the East Indies, where he died. 

DALLAS, GEORGE MIFFLIN. 
George M. Dallas, Vice President of the United States with James K. Polk, was born 
in Philadelphia in 1792. He grndnated at Princeton, and was admitted to the bar in 
1813. The same year, he accompanied Albert Gallatin to Russia as his private Secre- 
tary, when that gentleman was appointed a Commissioner to negotiate peace under the 
mediation of Alexander. He was Mayor of Philadelphia in 1825, and U. S. Senator 
during the stormy session of 1832-33. In 1837 he was appointed ambassador to Russia, 
and remained there until 1839, when he returned home, and devoted himself to the 



so DARKE — DINWIDDIE. 

profession of the law. In 1814 he was elected Tice President, and, on his term of office 
expiring, he resumed the practice of his profession. He was sent to England as 
Minister, in 1S56. 

DARKE, WILLIAM. 1736-1801. 
William Darke was with Braddock in his defeat, and served as a Captain in the Revo- 
lutionary War, when he was promoted to the rank of Major. In 1791 he commanded 
a regiment under St. Clair, and distinguished himself in the disastrous battle of 
November 4th. He died in 1801. 

DAY, STEPHEN. 
Stephen Day was the first printer in America. His first work was the " Freeman's 
Oath;" the next, an almanac; and next, the Psalms set to metre. He died in ICSS. 

DEANE, SILAS. 
Silas Deane, one of the Commissioners to the Court of France, with Franklin and 
Lee, was recalled on a charge of misappropriating the public moneys. John Adams 
was appointed in his place. He soon returned to Europe, and died at Deal, in 1789, in 
great poverty. 

DEARBORN, HENRY. 1751-1829. 

General Dearborn, a soldier of the Revolutionary War and War of 1812, was born in 
New Hampshire in 1751. He fought at Breed's Hill, was taken prisoner in the attack 
on Quebec, in 1775, but was exchanged in March, 1777. lie was with Gates at the cap- 
ture of Burgoyne, in 1777, and distinguished himself at the Battle of Monmouth, in 
1778. He accompanied Sullivan in his Indian expeditions, in 1779, and was present at 
the surrender of Cornwallis. In 1812 he was appointed Commander-in-chief, and, in 
1813, captured York, U. C, and Fort George, at the mouth of the Niagara River. He 
died in 1829. 

DECATUR, STEPHEN. 1779-1820. 

Stephen Decatur was born in Maryland, in 1779, and served in the navy under Dale, 
Preble, Morris, and Barry. He was promoted to the rank of Post-Captain, for the 
gallant exploit of recapturing the frigate Philadelphia, in the harbor of Tripoli. In 
1812 he was commander of the United States, and took the British frigate Macedonian. 
In 1815 and 1816, Commodore Decatur was completely victorious over the Algerines, 
and finally compelled the Dey to make a treaty, by which all American slaves were 
released, and the nation exempted from tribute. This brave and skilful ofl[icer was 
killed in a duel with Commodore Barron, in 1820. 

DELAWARE, LORD. 

Thomas West (Lord Delaware,) was Governor of Virginia in 1610. He felt a deep 

interest in the affairs of the Colony, and may be considered one of its founders. He 

died near the mouth of Delaware Bay, on his return from England, where he had gone 

for the benefit of his health, in 1618. The Bay was named from him, Lord De la War. 

DIESKAU. 
Count Dieskau commanded the French forces sent against Fort Edward, in 1765. He 
defeated Colonel Williams near the southern extremity of Lake George, but the same 
day encountered the forces of General Johnson, by whom he was taken prisoner, after 
being severely wounded. He was taken to New York, and died in France in 1767. 

DINWIDDIE, ROBERT. 
Robert Dinwiddle was Governor of Virginia from 1752 to 1758. He was charged with 
embezzling £20,000 belonging to governmental expenses. He died in 1770. 



DIXWELL — DYER. 31 

DIXWELL, JOHN. 
Colonel John Dixwell was one of the Judges who condemned Charles I. to death. 
He lleci to America, and, after visiting Goffe and Whalley, assumed the name of Davids, 
and lived in New Haven, where he married. He died in 1689. 

DOWNES, JOHN. 1784-1854. 
Commodore Downes entered the service in 1802, and highly distinguished himself in 
the attack upon the shipping in the harbor of Tripoli. In 1813 he was with Captain 
Porter in the Essex, and was successful in capturing several British whalers. He died 
at the Charlestown Navy Yard, of which he was the commander, in 1854. 

DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS. 1545-1596. 
Sir Francis Drake first served in the Royal navy under Sir John Hawkins, his rela- 
tive; and, from 1570 to 1572, made three expeditions to the West Indies and the 
Spanish main. In 1577 he ravaged the Spanish settlements in South America, coasted 
along the North American shore as far as 48° North Latitude, and gave it the name 
of New Albion. In 1586, while returning from the West Indies, he stopped at Roanoke 
Island, and took off the colony which had been left, in 1585, by Sir Richard Grenville, 
Sir Francis Drake first introduced potatoes into Europe. He died in 1596, after having 
rendered the most eminent services to his country by his bravery and skill. 

DUCIIifi, JACOB. 1738-1798. 
Jacob Duche, bom in Philadelphia in 1738, was an eloquent minister of the Church 
of England, and early espoused the cause of the colonists. He opened the first Con- 
tinental Congress with prayer, and, until 1777, when the prospects of the colonies 
bCt^au to look gloomy, took an active part in favor of them. He then addressed a letter 
to Washington to induce him to abandon, as he had done, a cause so de.^perate. In 
consequence of this letter, Duche fled to England, where he remained until 1790 — his 
estate having been confiscated, and he himself declared a traitor. He died in Philadel- 
phia in 1798. 

DUDLEY, JOSEPH. 1647-1720. 

Governor Dudley, the son of Thomas Dudley, graduated at Harvard in 1665, and was 
appointed agent to England in 1682, He was Governor of Massachusetts and New 
Hampshire in 1686, and Governor of Massachusetts from 1702 to 1715. 

DUDLEY, THOMAS. 157(>-1652, 
Thomas Dudley was Deputy-Governor of Massachusetts in 1630, and Governor in the 
years 1634, 1640, 1645, and 1650. He was opposed to all toleration. 

DUNMORE, EARL OF. 
John Murray (Earl of Dunmore,) was Governor of New York in 1770 and 1771, and 
the last British Governor of Virginia, from 1772 to 1775. On the breaking out of the 
Revolution, he abdicated the Government, and took refuge on board a British vessel. 
Before sailing for England, he burned Norfolk and many other towns. In 1786 he waa 
Governor of Bermuda, and died in England in 1809. 

DYER, MARY. 
Mary Dyer, a victim of the persecution in Massachusetts against Quakers, in 1656, 
was sentenced to death for " rebellious sedition, and obtruding herself after banish- 
ment, upon pain of death." By the entreaties of her son she was reprieved, on condi- 
tion that she departed in forty-eight hours, and did not return. But obeying what eho 
considered to be a divine call, she returned, and was executed June L-^t, 1660. 



32 EATON — ELLSAVORTH. 

E. 

EATON, TIIEOPHILUS. 
Theophilus Eaton, first Governor of the New IlaTen Colony, accompanied Mr. Daren- 
port to New England in 1637. He was one of the founders of New Haven in 1638, and 
was annually chosen Governor until his death, in 1657. 

EATON, WILLIAM. 1762-1811. 
General Eaton went to Tunis in 1798. AYhen the efiforts of Commodore Preble to 
humble the reigning Bashaw, proved unavailing, Eaton formed an alliance with Hamet, 
the deposed monarch. With immense labor, he succeeded in assembling a large army 
before Derne, the capital of the richest province in Tripoli. Aided by the American 
fleet, the town was taken April 27th, 1805, The way was now open to Tripoli, but, at 
this juncture, peace was concluded by Mr. Lear, and thus the war was ended. Eaton 
was a witness against Burr in his trial for treason. He died in poverty in 1811. 

EDWAKDVL 1537-1553. 
Edward YI., king of England, son of Henry VIII. and Jane Seymour, ascended the 
throne in 1547, at the age of ten years. His reign is marked by few events of import- 
ance, and none connected with the colonization of the New Woi-ld. He continued the 
Eeformation, commenced by his father; and, by the powerful co-operation of Cranmer, 
nearly .settled the Church of England in the form in which it now exists. The liturgy 
was established in 1549. By the persuasions of the Duke of Northiimberland, he was 
induced to set aside the claims of his sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, to the crown, and 
settle it on his cousin. Lady Jane Grey, daughter-in-law to the Duke. Edward was 
never married. He died of consumption in 1553. 

ELIZABETH. 1533-1603. 
Elizabeth, Queen of England, daughter of Henry Till, and Anne Bullen, was born 
in 1533. She ascended the throne in 1558, on the death of her sister Mary. Prudent 
and discerning in all her measures, she proceeded with caution in her determination to 
establish the Protestant religion. She was opposed to the Puritan party, and, as early 
as 1565, a law was passed, requiring conformity in the clergy to the Chixrch ritual. 
Elizabeth made many attempts to colonize the New World. Navigation and commerce 
received a great impetus in her reign. Drake, Hawkins, Frobisher, Raleigh, Gilbert, 
and many others, spread the fame of England all over the world. In consequence of 
her refusal to marry her brother-in-law, Philip of Spain, and the execution of Mary, 
Queen of Scots, in 1686, England was invaded by the Spanish Armada, in 1688. In 
1592, the Law of Conformity was passed, which resulted in the emigration of the Puri- 
tans to Holland. Celebrated men — Shakspeare, Sir Philip Sidney, Cecil. Lord Bur- 
leigh, and Walsingham — added glory to this reign. Elizabeth was never married. She 
died in 1603. 

ELLIOTT, JESSE DUNCAN. 1785-1845. 

Commodore Elliott was a native of Maryland. His first cruise was in the Essex, in 
the Tripolitan War. He distinguished himself in the War of 1812, under Chauncey 
and Perry, and succeeded the latter in 1813. After the conclusion of the war, Captain 
Elliott joined the squadron destined for the Mediterranean, to exact reparation of the 
Earbary powers for injuries inflicted on American commerce. From this time untU 
his death, in 1845, he was actively employed in various services for the United States. 

ELLSWORTH, OLIVER, LL.D. 1742-1807. 
Chief Justice Ellsworth was born at Windsor, Connecticut, in 1742. He was a dele- 
gate to the Continental Congress, in 1777; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the 
United States, in 1796; and Envoy Extraordinary to France, in 1799. He died in 1807. 



ELMER — FANNING. 33 

ELMER, EBENEZER. 1752-1843. 
General Ebenezer Elmer, the last surviving officer of the New Jersey regiments in 
service during the Revolutionary ^\'ar, was born in New Jersey, in 1752. Aftor 
receiving a classical education, he studied medicine. lie received several important 
civil and military appointments, both from the State and General Governments. 
Throughout his long life, bis great characteristic was unyielding integrity, and his 
kindness and generosity were proverbial. He died in 184:3. 

ENDICOTT, JOHN. 
John Endicott, Governor of Massachusetts, was sent to America, in 1628, by a com- 
pany in England, to superintend the settlement of Salem, the first permanent town 
within the limits of the Massachusetts patent. He was Governor in 1629, but was suc- 
ceeded by John Winthrop in 1630. He was Governor in 1644: from 1649 to 1654, except 
1650 : and from 1655 to 1665. He died in 1665. 

ESTAING, CHARLES HENRY. 1728-1793. 
Admiral D'Estaing was born at Ravel, in Auvergne, in 1728. lie commenced his 
career in the East India Squadron, under the command of Lally. In July, 1778, Con- 
gress received a letter from Count D'Estaing, announcing his arrival on the coast of 
the United States, with a large fleet, which had been sent by Louis XVI., King of 
France. By the advice of Washington, D'Estaing sailed for Newport, Rhode Island, 
where a simultaneous attack on the British, by land and sea, had been planned. At 
the moment when the engagement was about to take place, a violent storm arose, 
which greatly damaged the fleets. D'Estaing, contrary to the wishes of the Americans, 
Bailed for Boston to repair damages. In November, the Count sailed to the West 
Indies, where he remained until September, 1779, when, in connection with Lincoln, 
he laid siege to Savannah. At the end of a month an unsuccessful assault was made, 
when D'Estaing again departed with his whole fleet from the American coast. Ho 
was guillotined in France, as a counter-revolutionist, in 1793. 

EUSTACE, JOHN SKEY. 
I\Iajor-General Eustace was for some time aid-de-camp to General Lee, and after- 
wards to General Greene. He died in 1805. 

EVERETT, ALEX. HILL. 1790-1847. 
Alexander H. Everett, LL. D., an eminent American scholar and statesman, was the 
brother of the celebrated Edward Everett. He accompanied John Quincy Adams to 
St. Petersburg, in 1809, as Secretary of Legation; was Charge d'Affaires at Brussels; 
and Minister to Spain, from 1825 to 1829. He was appointed commissioner to China, 
by President Polk, and died in Canton in 1847. 

EXMOUTH, LORD. 1757-1832. 
Lord Exmouth (Edward Pellew,) served on board the Blonde, off the American coast, 
in 1776 and 1777, and was attached to Burgoyne's expedition from Lake Champlain to 
Saratoga. In 1816 he compelled the Dey of Algiers to sign a treaty, which liberated 
1083 Christians who had been enduring all the horrors of bondage, and forever put an 
end to Algerine slavery. 

F. 

FANNING, A. C. W. 
Colonel Fanning fought in the battles of Plattsburg, Fort Erie, and New Orleans, 
and distinguished himself in the Seminole war. He died in 1846. 



34 FANNING — FLOYD. 

FANNING, DAVID. 

David Fanning, a noted loyalist and marauder of North Carolina, was so adventu- 
rous and shrewd in his movements, and so successful in surprising and capturing the 
Whigs, that he was appointed Colonel of the loyal militia of Randolph and Chatham. 
At one time he commanded 400 men, with which he spread ceaseless terror and con- 
sternation in all that section of country. At the close of the war he escaped to Nova 
Scotia, where he died. 

FERGUSON, PATRICK. 

Major Ferguson, a Scotchman, was a son of the eminent jvirist, James Ferguson. 
He came to America in the spring of 1777, and was active in the battle of Brandywine. 
He was on the Hudson in 1779, and accompanied Sir Henry Clinton to the South. 
He so distinguished himself at the siege of Charleston, in 17S0, that he was particularly 
mentioned by the commander-in-chief. He was killed at King's Mountain in 17S0. 

FILLMORE, MILLARD. 

Millard Fillmore, the thirteenth President of the United States, was born in 1800, at 
Summer Hill, Cayuga County, New York. Ilis education wa.s very limited, but, aided 
by Judge Wood, he studied law, and commenced the practice of his profession in 1823. 
His political life commenced in 1829, when he was sent to the Assembly of New York. 
From this time until his election as Vice-President in 1849, he held various oifices, both 
in the State and General Governments. The death of General Taylor elevated him to 
the Presidency. Mr. Fillmore was married, in 1826, to Miss Powers. They had two 
children, a son and daughter. 

FITCH, JOHN. 1743-1798. 
John Fitch, an ingenious but unfortunate inventor, was born at Windsor, Connecti- 
cut, in 1743. He received a common school education, and served an apprenticeship to 
clockmaking. While navigating the Western rivers, as a surveyor, he conceived the 
idea that boats and carriages might be propelled by the force of steam ; and, on the 
29th of August, 1785, presented to Congress a plan for " applying steam-power to water- 
craft." In 1790 he succeeded in propelling a boat by steam, at the rate of eight miles 
an hour. The Governor and Council of Pennsylvania were enraptured with it, but the 
want of confidence in its succejss, and the scarcity of money, forced the proprietors of 
the boat to abandon the enterprise. All this did not change the determination of 
Fitch — but, embarrassed by want of funds, by the ignorance of mechanics, bj' contro- 
versies with rivals, and by the indifference of the public bodies to which he applied, he 
gave up in despair. He visited France and England; but, unable to carry out his 
designs, he returned to the West, and died in 1798. 

FLETCHER, BENJAMIN. 
Benjamin Fletcher, Governor of New York, succeeded Ingoldsby, who had been 
appointed by the Coxincil in place of Sloughter, in 1692. Passionate, avaricious, and 
arbitrary, he rendered himself highly unpopular. In 1692 he gave the Colony of Con- 
necticut considerable trouble by his endeavors to obtain the command of its militia, 
which had been improperly granted to him in his commission. Fletcher was accused 
of countenancing the piracy which prevailed on the coast. He was Governor of Penn- 
sylvania, but resigned the administration into the hands of Markham, his deputy. 

FLOYD, JOHN. 1769-1839. 
General Floyd was a mechanic, statesman, and soldier of Georgia. He was appointed 
Brigadier General of the State militia, and, in the war of 1812, was employed by the 
Federal Government for the protection of the State. He died in 1839. 



FORBES — FRANKLIN. 35 

FORBES, JOHN. 
Of-neral Forbes, a native of Scotland, was sent to America in 1757, having previously 
fought on the Continent in thewarof the Austrian Succession. In 1758 he commanded 
the successful expedition against Fort Du Quesne, the name of which he changed to 
Pittsburg, in honor of William Pitt, Prime Jliuister. 

FRANCIS I. 1494-1547. 
Francis I., king of France, succeeded Louis XII. in 1515, and reigned until 1547. 
He was the son of Charles, of Orleans, and Louisa, of Savoy. The discovery and explo- 
ration of New France by John Verrazaui, in 1524, and the expeditions of Cartier to the 
St. Lawrence, were under his auspices. Francis contended with Charles V., king of 
Spain, for the imperial crown, but was taken prisoner at Pavia, in 1525. The peace of 
Cambray, in 1529. put an end to the war. Francis died at Kambouillet, in 1547. 

FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN. 1706-1790. 
Benjamin Franklin, LL. D., a philosopher, statesman, and emphatically a self-made 
man, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1706. His early privations and poverty, 
the difiiculties with his brother, to whom he was bound apprentice in the printing 
business, his clandestine departure for Philadelphia, and his visit to England to pro- 
cure materials for a printing-office, are well known. In 1726 he returned to America, 
and, having contributed greatly to the promotion of literature by his writings, the 
formation of the Library Company of Philadelphia, and the publication of a newspaper, 
he entered public life in 1736. In the old French and Indian War, he proposed, and 
carried into effect, a very important plan of association for defence, showing to America 
the secret of her strength. About this time he commenced his electrical experiments, 
applying his discoveries in the invention of the lightning-rod for the protection of 
property. In 1754, in the Convention at Albany, he proposed a plan of union among 
the Colonies, which instituted a General Government, with power to levy troops, 
declare war, raise money, make peace, and concert all other measures necessary for the 
general safety. In 1757 he was sent to England, as agent for Pennsylvania and several 
other colonies. He now received the reward of his learning and philosophical re- 
searches, being chosen a member of the Royal Society, and honored with the degree 
of Doctor of Laws from several Universities. He returned to America in 1762. and, in 
1764, was again sent out to London. In 1766 he was examined before the House of 
Commons, on the repeal of the Stamp Act. In 1775 he returned home, and was imme- 
diately elected a member of Congress. As delegate to France, he signed a treaty of 
alliance in 1778, and, in 1783, the Definitive Treaty of Peace with England. In 1787 
he was a delegate to the Federal Convention, and approved the Constitution then 
formed. He died in 1790. Lord Chatham characterized him as "one whom all Europe 
held in high estimation for his knowledge and wisdom — who was an honor, not to 
the English nation only, but to human nature." 

FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN. 1786-1851. 
Sir John Franklin, a celebrated commander in the British navy, whose heroic adven- 
tures, perils, and tragic death in the Arctic regions, have excited the deep sympathy 
of the Christian world, was born in 1786. Having obtained the highest reputation for 
his achievements in various expeditions to every part of the world, he was appointed 
in 1845, commander of another expedition to the North Pole, sent out by the Lords 
of the Admiralty. The Erebus and Terror were manned with 138 officers and privates, 
selected with special reference to the peculiar duties to be performed, and the suffering 
to be endured. They were supplied with everything necessary for a three years' 



36 FRANKLIN — GAGE. 

cruise. The three 3^ears passed away, and a general anxiety for the safety of the noble- 
hearted commander, and his little band of brave companions, began to be felt. Several 
ehips were successively sent out by the British Government, and two expeditions by 
Henry Grinnell, aided by the U. S. Government (one in 1851, and the second in 1854), 
were contributed to this noble enterprise. Information was obtained, in 1851, that Sir 
John passed the winter of 1845-6 at Beechy's Island; but, in 1854, Dr. John Rae learned 
from a party of Esquimaux, having many articles of the missing expedition in their 
possession, that Sir John, with at least forty companions, had perished with hunger in 
the spring of 1851, near the Fox River. Dr. Kane, the commander of the Grinnell 
Expedition, died in 1857. 

FRANKLIN, WILLIAM. 1731-1813. 
William Franklin, the last Royal Governor of New Jersey, was the son of Dr. 
Franklin. He served at Ticonderoga in 1758. On the breaking out of the Revolution 
he was imprisoned as a Tory. He died in 1813. 

FRONTENAC, LOUIS. 

General Frontenac was Governor of Canada in 1678, and, in 1679, built the fort 
which bears his name. 

FULTON, ROBERT. 1765-1815. 

Robert Fulton, an engineer and projector of great celebrity, was born in Little 
Britain, Pennsylvania, in 1765. Having acquired some knowledge of painting, under 
Ms distinguished countryman, Benjamin West, he made painting his employment for 
some time. His acquaintance with another countryman, Rumsey, who was well skilled 
in mechanics, turned his attention in this direction, and ultimately he adopted the 
profession of civil engineer. Having become acquainted with the Duke of Bridgewater, so 
famous for his canals, and Earl Stanhope, celebrated for his attachment to the mechanic 
arts, Fulton, in 1787, went to Europe, and remained in Paris seven years, in the family 
of Joel Barlow, studying the higher mathematics, physics, chemistry, and perspective. 
In 1800 he projected the first panorama ever exhibited, and, soon after, perfected the 
plan for his Submarine boat, or Torpedo. In 1803 he succeeded in propelling a boat by 
steam on the Seine. Returning to America, in 1806, he succeeded in constructing a 
steamboat, the " Clermont," which, in 1807, navigated the Hudson River at the rate of 
live miles an hour. He was the first who applied water-wheels to the purpose of steam 
navigation. In 1814 he built the first steam vessel-of-war, the " Fulton the First," 
He died suddenly in 1815. The honor of running the first steamboat has been gene- 
rally conceded to Fulton, but it undoubtedly belongs to Fitch. [See " Table of Inven- 
tions," Historical Companion, Part I.] 



GAGE, THOMAS. 
General Thomas Gage, the last royal Governor of Massachusetts, accompanied Gen- 
eral Braddock to Fort Du Quesne, He was the first English Governor of Montreal, in 
1760, and, in 1763, was appointed Captain-General of all the British forces in America. 
In 1768 he was ordered to quarter troops in Boston, to prevent any outbreak of the 
people. In May, 1774, he succeeded Hutchinson as Governor of Massachusetts. He 
immediately seized on all the fortifications around Boston, qu.artered an army in the 
city, ready to march at a moment's notice, and, pursuant to the provisions of the Port 
Bill, proceeded to transfer the Government ofSces to Salem. As early as August, 1774, 
he fortified Boston Neck, November 10th, he issued a proclamation, denouncing the 
proceedings of the Provincial Congress; and, soon after, fearing the people would point 



GAINES — GEORGE I. 37 

the cannons about, Boston upon himself and troops, he sent a party of sailors to spike 
all the gnus on the battery at Fort Ilill. lie was recalled to England in the autumn 
of 1775, and died in 17S7. 

GAINES, EDMUND P. 1777-1849. 
Edmund Pendleton Gaines, Major-General in the American army, was born in Vir- 
ginia in 1777; took a commission in 1799; and distinguished himself in the Three 
Years' War. He died in 1849. 

GALLATIN, ALBERT. 1761-1849. 
Albert Gallatin was born in Geneva in 1761, and became a tutor in Harvard, Massa- 
chusetts, in 1782. In 1790 he was chosen a member of Congress, and, in 1801, was 
Secretary of the Treasury under Jefferson. In 1813 he was one of the Commissioners 
appointed to negotiate peace with England. He died in 1849. 

GANSEVOORT, PETER. 1749-1812. 

General Gansevoort, born at Albany in 1749, was with Montgomery in the invasion 

of Canada in 1775. In April, 1777, he defended Fort Schuyler (or Stanwix), at Rome, 

against the British under St. Leger. He was an eminently brave and skilful officer, 

and highly respected in private life. 

GATES, HORATIO. 1728-1806. 
General Gates was born in England in 1728, and came to America in 1748. He was 
wounded in Braddock's defeat, and made Adjutant-General in 1775. In March, 1777, 
he superseded Schuyler in the command of the Northern army; but in May, 1777, 
being superseded by Schuyler, he joined Washington in the Middle States. The sur- 
render of Ticonderoga by St. Clair induced many to censure Schuyler, and he was con- 
sequently removed, and Gates re-appointed in his place August, 1777. The victory over 
Burgoyne rendered his name famous. He received the thanks of Congress, and a gold 
medal. In the winter of 1778 he was engaged in attempts to wrest the command from 
Washington. From that period until June, 1780, when he took charge of the Southern 
army in place of Lincoln, his military operations were chiefly in Rhode Island. Being 
defeated by Cornwullis in the battle of Camden, he was sviperseded by Greene, tried fur 
misconduct, and acquitted. He was re-instated in 1782, and died in 1S06. 

GENET, EDMUND CHARLES. 
Gecot was Minister to the United States from France in 1793. A revolution had 
commenced in France in 1789, which resulted in the execution of the King and Queen, 
Louis XYI. and JIarie Antoinette. A Republic was declared, and Genet was appointi^l 
Minister to the United States. The excesses which had been committed by the Repub- 
licans, especially the murder of the Royal family, led many persons to doubt the pro- 
priety of acknowledging the Government of the Republic; and when Genet, presuming 
on the gratitude and attachment of the American people, assumed the authority of 
f.tting out privateers in American ports, to cruise against the enemies of France, some 
of whom were at peace with the United States, the President promptly forbade the course 
that he was pursuing, and declared a neutrality. Genet then appealed to the people 
against the Government, but was not sustained. He was recalled the next year. 
Madame Campan, the friend of Marie Antoinette, was his sister, 

GEORGE L lGCO-1727. 
George (Lewis") I,, King of Great Britain, was the son of Erne.st Augustus of Bruns- 
wick. Elector of Hanover, and Sophia, daughter of Elizabeth, daughter of James I., 
who married Frederick the i'lector Palatine. Anne dying in 1714, and leaving no 



38 GEORGE II.— GEORGE III. 

children, Parliament, by the Act of Succession, settled the inheritance to the throne 
"on the nearest male heir, being Protestant." This was George, great-grandson of 
James I. In consequence, an effort was made in 1715, by the Jacobites, to place Janu-s 
Edward, the Pretender, son of James II., on the throne; but the rebellion was soon 
quelled, and several of the leaders were executed. George married the Princess Sophia, 
daughter of the Duke of Zell. His children were George II. and Sophia. He died at 
Osnaburgh in 1727. 

GEORGE 11. 1683-1760. 
George II., son of George I., was born in 1683. He came to England at the accession 
of his father, and was created Prince of Wales. He ascended the throne in 1727. In 
1733 the benevolent des^ires of "Whitfield, Wesley, and some others of Lady Huntingdon's 
connections, induced them to form a colony in Georgia. On the death of the Emperor, 
Charles YI., in 1740, the war of the Austrian succession commenced. George II. 
espoused the cause of the Empress, Maria Theresa. [For Cause of the " War of the 
Austrian Succession," Part I., p. 85.] An English army, commanded by Lord Stair, and 
accompanied by the King, defeated the French at Dettingen, in 1743. This was the 
last battle in which a king of England fought in person. In 1744, William, Duke of 
Cumberland, was defeated at Fontenoy. and the French remained ascendant in Flanders 
during the rest of the war. In America, the English took Louisburg in 1745, and, the 
same year, the grandson of James II., Charles Edward, the " Young Pretender," invaded 
Great Britain, took possession of Edinburgh, and defeated the English at Preston Pans. 
His total defeat at Culloden, in 1746, terminated the striiggles of the House of Stuart. 
The Treaty of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, in 1748, was but a mere suspension of hostilities; and 
the war by which the English obtained all the French possessions in America, east of 
the Mississippi River, was ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris. George II. married 
the Princess Caroline of Brandenburg Anspach. Their children were Frederick (Prince 
of Wales), William (Duke of Cumberland), and four daughters. He died in 1760. 

GEORGE III. 1738-1820. 
George III., born in 1738, was the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, ^nd the 
Princess Augusta of Sase-Gotha. His father having died in 1751, he was created Prince 
of Wales; and ascended the throne on the death of his grandfather, George II., in 17C0. 
The successes which had attended the British arms in America rendered Pitt, the Prime 
Minister, exceedingly popular, and no change was made in the Cabinet for a year, when 
a system of ministerial changes commenced, which continued for ten years. In 1764 
the Premier. Mr. George Grenville, began those measures in relation to the American 
Colonies which led to the Revolution, and the " Stamp Act" was passed the following 
year. About this time the king exhibited signs of mental derangement. The Marquis 
of Rockingham being made Prime Minister, the " Stamp Act" was repealed in 1766, but 
Parliament maintained the right to tax the Colonies. From 1787 to 1789, the King's 
constitutional mal.idy again exhibited itself and, in 1810, was so confirnied, that the 
Prince of Wales was appointed Regent, February 6th, 1811. The King'.s tastes and 
amusements were plain and practical. Religious, moral, and in the highest degree 
temperate, the throne was regarded as a pattern in respect to domestic and conjugal 
duties. He married the Princess Charlotte Sophia, of Mccklenburg-Strelitz. His 
children were George Augustus, Prince of Wales, afterwards George lY., born in 1762; 
Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, 1763 ; William Henry, Duke of Clarence, after- 
wards William lY., 1765; Charlotte Augusta Matilda, 1766; Edward, 17C7; Augustus 
Sophia, 1768; Elizabeth, 1770; Ernest Augustus, 1771; Frederick Augustus, 1773; 
Adolphus Frederick, 1774; Mary, 1776; Sophia, 1777; Amelia, 1783. George III. died 
in 1820. 



GEORGE IV.— G ODFREY. 39 

GEORGE IV. 17G2-1830. 
George IV., Frederick Augustus, King of Great Britain and Hanover, the eldest son 
of George Til. and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, was born in 1762. In consequence 
of the insanity of his father he was declared Regent in 1811. Possessing easy and 
graceful manners, and being one of the handsomest men in the kingdom, he became 
the idol of the people. In the early part of his life he was dissipated and extravagant. 
The events of importance during his reign were those connected with the downfall of 
Napoleon, and the War of 1812. lie married Caroline of Brunswick. He died in 1830, 
leaving no heirs to the crown. 

GERRY, ELBRIDGE. 1744-1814. 
Elbridge Gerry, Vice-Rresident with Madison, was born in Massachusetts in 1744, 
and educated at Harvard College. In 1775 the Provincial Congress chose him as one 
of the committee of public safety and supplies. He was a skilful financier, and, among 
many important acts, recommended laws for the encouragement of privateers, which 
were particularly beneficial. In 1797 he accompanied General Pinckney on a special 
mission to France. In 1812 he was elected Vice-President, and died in 1814. 

GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY. 

Sir Humphrey Gilbert, step-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh, was a man of ardent 
temperament and chivalrous character, who engaged in discoveries from the love of 
fame and adventure. On returning from Newfoundland in 1583, in a vessel of only 
ten tons burthen, he was overtaken by a storm, and all on board pei'ished. He was 
seen, the evening before, by those on board the Golden Hind, the vessel of Sir Francis 
Drake. 

GTRARD, STEPHEN. 1748-1831. 

Stephen Girard, a native of Bordeaux, in France, came to America when about four- 
teen years of age. He was at first a cabin boy, and then mate of a vessel. In 1775 
he opened a small shop in New Jersey, but removed to Philadelphia in 1780, and became 
a merchant. From these small beginnings he went on in the accumulation of wealth, 
until he became the richest man in the United States. At the expiration of the charter 
of the U. S. Bank in ISll, he commenced banking, and such was his financial credit, 
that his notes were as good as those of an incorporated institution. Of his immense 
estate, amounting to $15,000,000. he bequeathed in legacies $3,000,000 — the residue was 
given to the city of Philadelphia for certain specified objects. $2,000,000 were appro- 
priated to a College for poor white children. This institution, called Girard College, 
h.is been in successful operation since 1848. [See Note 287, Part First of the «• Historical 
Companion."] In the directions for the management of this College, his will contains 
the following singular provi.<ion: — "I enjoin and i-equire that no ecclesiastic, mission- 
ary, or minister, of any sect whatever, shall be admitted for any purpose, or as visitor, 
within the premises appropriated to the purposes of said College." Girard died in 1831. 

GODFREY, THOMAS. 
Thomas Godfrey, the inventor of Hadley's quadrant, was a glazier by trade in the 
city of Pliilade'.phia. By his own unaided exertions he made himself a mathematician. 
Earnestly desiring to enrich his mind, he commenced the study of Latin, and was soon 
enabled to pursue his favorite subject in that language. He invented the quadrant 
about 1730, but the Royal Society of London was not made acquainted with it until 
1732, when one had already been presented by John Iladk-y. The Society decided that 
Godfrey and lladley were both entithid to the honor of the invention, and sent Godfrey 
goods to the value of £200. He died iu 1749. 
11.-4 



40 GOFFE — GREENE. 

GOFFE, WILLIAM. 
Gen. Wm. GofFe, one of the Judges who condemned Charles I. to death, left London 
before Charles II. was proclaimed king, and arrived in Boston in 1660, where he was 
kindly received by Gov. Endicott. As his name was not included in the Act of Indem- 
nity, it was thought unsafe for him to remain in Boston. He and Whalley first went 
to New Haven, and then to West Hock, a mountain 300 feet in height, two or three 
miles from the town, where they were concealed in a cave. In 1664 they removed to 
South Hadley, Massachusetts, and were concealed for many years in the house of Mr. 
Russell, the minister. Goffe died in 1679. [See Note 61, Part First, " Historical Com- 
panion."] 

GORGES, FERDINANDO. 

Sir Ferdinando Gorges, proprietor of the Province of Maine, was one of the first 
members of the Plymouth Company. He aided in obtaining the charter of Nova Scoti!\ 
for Sir William Alexander. In 162-2 a charter was given to Gorges and Mason, granting 
a territory to be called Laconia. between the Merrimac and the Sagadahoc, as far back 
as the Lakes. In 1623 a settlement was formed at Piscataqua, New Hampshire. In 
1639 he obtained another grant of Maine; and the village of Agamenticus, or York, was 
incorporated into a city. He died in 1647. 

Fernando Gorges, grandson of the preceding, petitioned the king against the usurpa- 
tion of Massachusetts, in 1652; but, in 1677, was induced to sell his right to that Colony 

for £1250. 

GOSNOLD, BARTHOLOMEW. 

Bartholomew Gosnold was the first navigator who crossed in a direct line from Eng- 
land to North America. He discovered and named Cape Cod, in 1602; and subse- 
quently came to Virginia with the first settlers, in 1607. He died in 1608. 

GRASSE, COUNT DE. 1723-1788. 
Count de Grasse Tilly, born in 1723, commenced his military services during the 
war between England and France, as the ally of the North American Colonies. Under 
Count D'Estaing he commanded the Ovessant in 1779, at the taking of the Island of 
Grenada. The expedition, which resulted in the surrender of Cornwallis, originated 
with him. Many testimonials were pi-esented to him by Congress for the invaluable 
services rendered to the United States. He died in 1788 

GRAVES, ADMIRAL. 
Admiral Graves, in 1775, sent an expedition to burn Falmouth, in Maine; commanded 
the British fleet at the Battle of Bunker Hill, in 1776; re-inforced Arbuthnot at New- 
port, in 1780 ; and engaged with De Grasse off the Capes of Virginia, in 1781, after 
which he returned to New York. 

GREENE, CHRISTOPHER. 1737-1781. 

Col. Christopher Greene, a Rhode Island patriot, accompanied Arnold through the 
wilderness to Quebec, and fought bravely under the walls of that city when it was be- 
sieged by Montgomery in 1775. In 1777 he was appointed to the chief command at 
Fort Mercer. For his gallant conduct in this action he received the thanks of Con- 
gress, lie died in 1781. 

GREENE, NATHANIEL. 1742-1786. 

Gen. Nathaniel Greene was born in Rhode Island in 1742. He was elected a member 
of the State Legislature in 1770, and was appointed Major-General in 1775. He took 
part in the Battle of Trenton, December, 1776; covered the retreat of the army at 
Braiidywine, September, 1777 ; and commanded part of the army at Germantown, in 
October of the same year. In March, 1778, he was appointed Quartermaster-General; 



GRENVILLE— HAMPDEN. 41 

was at the Battle of Monmouth in June, and at Newport, Rhode Island, in August. In 
1780 he defeated the British at Sprius^field, New Jersey. Oct. 6th, he succeeded Arnold 
at West Poiut. Oct. 14th, he succeeded Gates in the command of the southern army. 
March, 1781, ho was defeated at Guilford C. 11., and April 2oth at Hobkirk's Ilill. In May 
he was compelled to retire from Ninety-Six ; in September he defeated the British at 
Eutaw Springs, and gained South Carolina to the Americans. He died in Georgia in 
1786. 

GRENVILLE, RICHARD AND GEORGE. 
Richard Grenville (afterwards Earl Temple,) was born in 1711 ; a member of Parlia- 
ment in 1734, and died in 1779. His brother George (commonly called Mr. Grenville), 
the reputed author of the "Stamp Act," was born in 1712; entered Parliament in 1741, 
and died in 1770. The names of the brothers were mixed up with the politics of that 
whole period, sometimes as friends, sometimes as enemies. Their characters were very 
different, but both insisted on the principle of taxing America, as a legislative right. 
An attempt has been made to prove that Earl Temple Avas the original of "Junius." 



H. 
HALE, NATHAN. 
Captain Nathan Hale, an officer in the Revolutionary Army, was noted for his efforts 
to obtain information of the arrangement, position, and condition of the British Army, 
After the disastrous biittle of Long Island, Washington felt it to be absolutely essential 
to the preservation of the American cause, that some one should enter the British lines, 
examine the works, learn the situation of the army, gain information concerning their 
intended movements, and, if possible, discover where was to be the next point of attack 
— in a word, to become a spi/. Nathan Hale, conquering his repugnance to the dis- 
graceful character, undertook this important office. He penetrated into the camp on 
Long Island; but, on his return, was apprehended, and condemned to die by Lord Wm. 
Howe. He was hung the morning after his arrest. Though treated in the most brutal 
manner by Cunningham., the provost, he was calm and dignified, and died regretting 
that he had " but one life to lose for his country." This occurred in 1776. 

HAMILTON, ALEXANDER. 1757-1804. 
Alexander Hamilton, distinguished as a statesman, soldier, jurist, and financier, was 
born on the island of St. Croix, in 1757. When the war commenced, he was appointed 
Aid-de-camp to General Washington, and remained, until its close, attached to the 
staff of the Commander-in-chief, whose confidence and affection he possessed, and by 
whom he was consulted on all important occasions. He distinguished himself at the 
piege of Yorktown. In 1789 he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury, and, by his 
finandal ability, placed the credit of the Government on a solid basis. When war was 
declared with France, he was appointed General, and, on the death of Washington in 
1799, was made Commander-in-chief. In the practice of law he rose to the highest emi- 
nence. His death, which occurred in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804, was lamented 
by the whole community as an irreparable loss to the country. 

HA:\IPDEN, JOHN. 
John Hampden, the illustrious patriot, was descended from an ancient family in 
Buckinghamshire, England. He early exhibited that opposition to the exactions of 
Charles I. which characterized the Puritan party. In 1635 he and Cromwell endeavored 
to emigrate to Massachusetts, but were prevented by the king. In 1636 he had the 
boldness, alone and unsupported, to resist the royal authority in levying ship-money ; 
and though he lost his cause, he was sustained by the popular sentiment. Thus pro- 



42 HANCOCK — HEATH. 

claimed a patriot by the public voice, Ilampclen -was regarded as the leader of the 
popular party; and, when the Civil War broke out, he took up arms to defend the 
rights of the people. His career of glory was cut short by a wound received at Chal- 
grave Field, while fighting against Prince Rupert, in 16-13. 

HANCOCK, JOHN. 1737-1793. 
John Hancock, a patriot and statesman, was born in Quinoy, Massachusetts, in 1737. 
Having held several important State offices, he succeeded Peyton Pandolph as President 
of the Continental Congress in 1775, and was the first to affix his signature to the 
Declaration of Independence. For many years previous to his death, he was Governor 
of Massachusetts. Hancock was a man of excellent talents for business, and possessed 
immense wealth, which he devoted to the cause of his country. He died in 1793. 

HARMAR, JOSIAH. 
Josiah riarmar was a Brigadier-General in the American army. In 1784 he was sent 
to England with the ratification of the definitive treaty of peace. He was appointed 
commander of the forces in 1785, and, in 1790, was defeated by the Indians of the 
Northwest Territory. He died in 1813. 

HARRISON, WM. HENRY. 1773-1841. 
William Henry Harrison, the ninth President of the United States, was born in Vir- 
ginia in 1773. He was educated at the College of 'William and Mary. In 1791 he 
entered the United States Army, and served against the Indians of the Northwest Ter- 
ritory. In 1811 he gained the Battle of Tippecanoe, and was uniformly successful 
during the war. In 1840 he was elected President by the Whig party, but died one 
mouth after his inauguration, April 4th, 1841. 

HARVARD, JOHN 
John Harvard, the founder of Harvard College, had been a minister in England, and 
preached a short time in this country. At his death he left £779 to the school at New- 
town, or Cambridge, which the general court constituted a College the next year. 
He died at Charlestown in 1638. In 1828 a monument was erected to his memory on 
the summit of the cemetery-hill in Charlestown. 

HAYNE, ISAAC. 
Isaac Ilayne, a native of South Carolina, served for a short time in the Revolutionary 
army, and was taken prisoner at the siege of Charleston in 1780. He was released 
"on parole," with an engagement not to bear arms against the British. In 1781, when 
Greene approached with a Continental army, and the partisan troops had swept the 
State of every remains of Royal power, Hayne considered himself released from his 
oath of allegiance, and not only refused to join the British army at Charleston, but 
buckled on his armor, and repaired to the American camp, where he rendered efficient 
service to the cause of his country. He was soon after captured, and taken to Charles- 
ton. A court of inquiry, in which neither the members nor the witnesses were sworn, 
adjudged him worthy of death. Every exertion was made to save him. The men 
pleaded for him; the women, with his children clad in deep mourning for their mother, 
knelt before his inexorable judges (Lord Rawdon and Col. Nesbit Balfour), and, in the 
most moving terms, implored the remission of the sentence — but in vain. He was 
hung on a gibbet, July 1st, 1781. 

HEATH, WILLIAM. 

William Heath was appointed a Brigadier-General, in 1775, by Massachusetts, and, 

in 1776, Congress made him a Major-Gcneral, with Spencer, Sullivan, and Greene. He 



HENRY IV. — II EN KY VIII. 43 

commanded tlio Eastern department in 1777. Biirgoyne's captured army was in his 
custody. In 1779 he commanded on the Hudson Kiver, and i-emained there until the 
close of the war. " Heath's Memoirs" is now much sought after by collectors of valu- 
able American books. General Heath died in 1S14, the last survivor of the Major- 
Generals of the Revolution. 

HENRY IV. 1553-1610. 

Henry IV. (Henry Quatre, or Henry the Great), King of France, was born in 1553, at 
I'au, in Beam. lie was a grandson of Henry of Navarre, and was educated a Protestant. 
During the festivities occasioned by his marriage, the horrible massacre of St. Bartho- 
lomew took place, August 2J:th, 1572. He ascended the throne in 1589. Henry was 
induced to profess the Komau Catholic faith in order to give peace to the country, 
.=o long distracted by the contending factions of Roman Catholics and Huguenot.'! — 
but he granted full toleration to the latter by the "Edict of Nantes," in 1598. In 1*303 
he gave to De Monts a grant of Acadia. Henry was a.'sassinated by Ilavaillac, in the 
streets of Paris, in 1610. The great achievements of this king, his benevolence, and 
goodness, have preserved his memory in the hearts of his subjects. 

HENRY VII. 1457-1509 
Henry VII. (Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond), King of England, deteated Richard III. 
at the battle of Bosworth in 14So, and was immediately proclaimed king. He was of 
the house of Lancaster, and, by his marriage with Elizabeth of York, daughter of 
Edward IV., he united the long-contending factions of the '-Red and the White Ro.ses." 
He encouraged commerce and the navy; his dislike to the nobles, made him pass laws 
favorable to the lower classes. Intelligence of the discoveries made by Columbus di.*^ 
posed Henry to similar enterprises, and he fitted out the expedition under the Cabots. 
His reign may properly be called the dawn of Engli.'^h liberty, and the end of the feudal 
period. Laws were passed, enabling the nobles to sell their estates — military service 
was abolished — and the peasantry were allowed to pay their rents in money, instead 
of labor, thus changing their condition from villains to that of peasants. Henry's 
children were Arthur (Prince of Wales), Henry, Margaret, and Mary. [See ante, 
page 7.] He died in 1509. 

HENRY VIIL 1491-1547. 
Henrj VIII., King of England, the second son of Henry VII. and Elizabeth of York, 
ascended the throne in 1509. His contemporaries were Francis I., King of France 
(1515-1547); Charles V., King of Spain and Emperor of Germany (1518-1556); Pope 
Leo X. (1513-1521); and Solyman the Magnificent, Sultan of Turkey (1520-1566). In 
the early part of his reign he invaded France, where he made some conquests; aliout 
the same time. James IV., of Scotland, who had married Margaret, sister of Henry VJ 1 1., 
invaded England, but was defeated at the battle of Flodden, in 1513. When Luther 
commenced the Reformation in Germany, Henry wrote a book against it, for which he 
Wi.s rewarded by the Pope with the title of " Defender of the Faith." Having conceived 
an affection for Anne Boleyn, he determined to divorce Catharine of Arragon, on the 
plea that ir was sinful to marry a brother's widow. The Pope refusing the divorce, 
Henry abf^olvcd himself from all allegiance to Rome, put down the monasteries, and 
seized their possessions. In 1502 he privately marric-d Anne Boleyn, but had her 
executed in 1536, and married Jane Seymour, who died in childbed. In l.'i40 he mar- 
ried Anne of Cleves, but soon divorced her, and caused Cromwell, the projector of the 
match, to be beheaded. His next wife was Catharine Howard, whom he beheaded for 
adultery in 1542; after which, he espou.scd Catharine Parr in 1543, who survived him. 
In 1542, Henry defeated the Scots in the battle of Solway Firth, when his nephew, 
James V., died of grief. His children were Mary, by Catharine of Arragon; Elizabeth, 
by Anne Boleyn; and Edward VI., by Jane Seymour. Henry died in 1547. 
4* 



44 HENRY — HOWE. 

HENRY, PATRICK. 1736-1799. 

Patrick Henry, a patriot and statesman of Virginia, took an early and decided part 
against tbe oppressions of Great Britain ; and was tbe first to commence those measures 
of opposition to the government which tormiiiated in the Revolution. Such was the 
boldness of Henry, and the great influence which he exerted, that his name, with those 
of Jefferson, Randolph, Hancock, and the two Adamses, was pre.-^ented to the British 
Government in a Bill of Attainder. He was a delegate to the first Continental Congress, 
in 1774; Governor of Virginia, in 1776; and a delegate to the Convention for revising 
the Constitution, in 1786: in all of which positions he was distinguished by boldness, 
energy, eloquence, and patriotism. He was opposed to the adoption of the Federal 
Constitution. He died in 1799. 

HERKIJIER, GENERAL. 

General Herkimer was of German descent. Being personally acquainted with Brandt, 
■when that chief became hostile in 1777, it was agreed between Schuyler and Herkimer 
that the latter should have an interview with Brandt, and endeavor to influence him 
at least to remain neutral. Failing in this, Herkimer hastened to the assistance of 
Gansevoort, besieged at Fort Schxiyler by Butler and Brandt. Falling into an ambus- 
cade at Oriskany, he was defeated. Though mortally wounded, he continued to cheer 
on his men, until further resistance was useless. He died a few days after the battle, 

in 1777. 

HOWARD, JOHN EAGER. 175'2-18-27. 

General Howard was at the Battle of White Plains, and particularly distinguished 
himself in the Battle of Germantown, in the contest around the house of Chief Justice 
Chew, whose daughter he married after the war. General Howard was present at Mon- 
mouth, in 1778; at Cowpens, and Guilford Coiirt-House, in 1781. He held many im- 
portant offices until 1803. When Baltimore was threatened by the British, in 1814, 
General Howard prepared to take the field in its defence. He died in 1S27. 

HOWE, GEORGE. 

George Lord Viscount Howe (eldest son of Sir E. Scrope, and brother of General and 

Admiral Howe,) commanded the troops at Hnlifax, in 1757. He accompanied Aber- 

crombie against Ticondei'oga in 1758, and was killed in an encounter with the advanced 

guard. 

HOWE, RICHARD. 1725-1799. 

Admiral Richard Howe became Lord Howe on the death of his brother, Lord George 
Howe, at Ticonderoga in 1758. He arrived off Sandy Hook in 1776, appointed by Par- 
liament to negotiate peace with the American Congress, or to prosecute the war, as 
events might determine. In the summer of 1777 he conveyed his brother, Sir William 
Howe, Commander-in-chief, to the Chesapeake, on his way to Philadelphia. After the 
Battle of Brandywine, Admiral Howe entei'ed Delaware Bay, and endeavored to conquer 
the Americtin works on the river. Early in 1778, fearing to be blockaded by the French 
fleet, Howe left the Delaware, and anchored off Sandy Hook. D'Estaing posted himself 
on the Jersey coast, near the Shrewsbury River. In August, Howe and Sir II. Clinton 
went to the relief of Pigot, in Rhode Island, who was attacked by Sullivan and D'Estaing. 
D'Estaing having sailed for Boston, Howe followed, but seeing no chance of success, 
made no attack, and returned to New York, destroying New Bedford and other towns 
on the coast. On his return to England, in 1782, he was created a Viscount. He dis- 
tinguished himself at Gibraltar, and, in 1794, gained the "Glorious Victory of the 
First of June," He died in 1799. 

HOWE, ROBERT. 1732-1785. 

General Robert Howe, an officer in the Amevic-in army, had held several important 
ofRces, when, in 1776, he was appointed Brigadier-Geaeral. He shared in the attack on 



HOWE — HULL. 45 

Sullivan's Island, and accompanied Lee in the expedition to Florida. /Lee was recalled 
to the North, and the command devolved upon General Jloore, who, in a few months, 
returned to North Carolina, leaving General Ilowe in command of Charleston and the 
v.'hole Southern department. In 1778 he was defeated by Camphell at Savannah, when 
he was succeeded by General Lincoln. From 1779 to 1781, Howe was entrusted by 
Washington with several important offices; in 1780 he was in command at West Point, 
but was removed by the machinations of Arnold. The ill success of Howe in the South 
seems attributable to the criminality and faithlessness of his officers. lie died in 1785, 

HOWE, WILLIAM. 
General Sir William Howe (brother of the famous Admiral Howe, and Lord Howe, 
who was killed at Ticonderoga in 1768,) succeeded General Gage in the command of the 
I'riiish forces in America in 1775. Having arrived with Gens. Clinton and Burgoyne, 
in May, General Howe commanded in the attack on Bunker Hill; was besieged in 
Boston during the winter, and evacuated the city in 1776. In August, having been 
joiued by his brother, Admiral Howe, he defeated the Americans at Long Island, and 
took possession of New York; fought at White Plains; took Fort Washington; and, in 
March, 1777, endeavored to take Peekskill. In August, 1777, he set sail for the Chesa- 
peake, fought the Battle of Brandy wine, and took post at Germantown while Cornwollis 
entered Philadelphia. He repelled the attack of the Americans at Germantown. In 
May, 1778, Howe was succeeded in command by Clinton. He died in 1814. 

HUDSON, HENRY. 
Henry Hudson was sent out by a company of London merchants, to seek a passage 
to India directly across the North Pole. In 1609 he discovered the river, and, in a sub- 
sequent voyage, the bay, that bear his name ; but being compelled to pass the winter 
in the latter, his men mutinied, and set him adrift in an open boat. He was never 
heard of afterwards. 

HUGER, ISAAC. 

General Isaac linger was in many important engagements at the South — at Savan- 
nah, in 1778; Monk's Corner, in 1780; Guilford Court-House (in which he was wounded), 
and Hobkirk's Hill, in 1781. 

There were several others of this name in the Revolutionary army— Major Benjamin 
Huger, who received General Lafayette at Georgetown; Daniel Huger, member of the 
Continental Congress; and Francis K. Huger, Quartermaster-General. 

HULL, ISAAC. 1775-1842. 
Commodore Isaac Hull was born in Connecticut, in 1775 ; commissioned as a Lieu- 
tenant in 1798, and appointed to the frigate Constitution. He rendered efficient aid in 
the war with Tripoli, and was actively employed in service until the war with England 
commenced, when he again took command of the frigate Constitution. In a few days 
he captured the Africa, and, soon after, the Guerriere. Having seriously impaired his 
health by his long-continued service, he obtained leave of absence, and resided in 
I'hiludolphia until his death, in 1842. 

HULL, WILLIAM. 
General William Hull was with General Gates at Bemis' Heights. His wife, to whom 
he had been married but a few weeks, shared the perils of the camp with him. In 1779 
he aided in the capture of Stony Point by Gen. Wayne. He was Governor of Michigan 
in 1812. He invaded Canada, and returned again to Detroit, much against the wishes 
of his officers, without accomplishing the object of the expedition. Soon after, he sur- 
rendered the whole of Michigan to the British. He was afterwards exchanged for thirty 
prisoners. He was tried for cowardice, and condemned to be shot; but in consideration 
of his age, and Revolutionary services, he was merely deprived of all military command. 



46 HUTCHINSON — JAMES I. 

HUTCHINSON, ANN. 
Ann Hutchinson, the founder of the sect which bears her name, was banished from 
Massachusetts for her religious opinions. In 1G43 the Dutch settlement in New York, 
whither she had removed, was attacked by Indians, and she and all her family iDerished. 

I. 

ISABELLA. 1451-1504. 
Isabella, Queen of Spain, and daughter of John of Castile, married Ferdinand V., 
King of Arragon, in 1469. She succeeded to the sovereignty of Castile in 1474, and thus 
united the whole of Spain. She possessed great mental powers, and was distinguished 
by her integrity, justice, and public, as well as private, virtues. Her reign was ren- 
dered famous by the expulsion of the Moors, and the discovery of America by Columbus ; 
but was also disgraced by the intvoduction of the sanguinary tribunal of the Inqui.'-i- 
tion. Isabella died in 1504. leaving only one daughter, Jane, who married Philip of 
Austria, and was mother of Charles V. 

IZARD, GEORGE. 
George Izard, a native of Sovith Carolina, entered the army, and rose to the rank of 
Alajor-General. During the war of 1S12 he was stationed on the frontier of New York. 
He was afterwards Governor of Arkansas, and died at Little Rock in 1823. 



JACKSON, ANDREW. 1767-1845. 
General Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States, was born in 
South Carolina, and served in the American army, during the Revolvition, though only 
fourteen years of age. Having studied law, he removed to Nashville, and held many 
important offices in Tennessee, until 1812, when he was appointed Mojor-General. On 
the breaking out of the Creek 'SVar, in 1813, he marched into Alabama, and, with Gen. 
Coffee, defeated the Indians in the Battles of Tallushatchie and Autosse. The war was 
ended in 1814, by the Battles of Emucfau and Tohopeka, or Horse-Shoe Bend. By the 
successful defence of New Orleans, his reputation was' raised to the highest pitch, 
tliough he has been severely censured for assuming power, which, it was contended, 
did not belong to him. He was next engaged in the Seminole War in Florida, wh#re 
he seized Pensacola, then belonging to Spain, and executed two Englishmen whom he 
suspected of supplying the Indians with arms and ammunition. For these and other 
irregularities, an attempt was made in Congress to pass a vote of censure upon his 
conduct, but, after a protracted debate, it was lost. He was elected President in 1828, 
and awakened much political opposition by the vigorous and determined manner in 
which he carried out his peculiar views on the exciting topics of the times — the Tariff, 
and the Bank question. In 1832 he vetoed the bill for re>-chartering the United States 
Bank, and, in 1833, ordered the Secretary of the Treasury to remove the deposits. Tlie 
Secretary, "William J. Duane, refused to comply, on the ground that it was unconstitu- 
tional. He was immediately dismissed, and Roger B. Taney appointed in his place. 
The same energy was exhibited in the prompt suppression of the nullification of the 
Tariff law by South Carolina. He died at his residence '• The Hermitage," near Nash- 
ville, in 1845. 

JAMES I. 1566-1625. 

.Tamos T. of England (and VI. of Scotland,) was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and 
Henry Stuart (Lord Darnley). Elizabeth dying, in 1603, without children, the crown 
reverted to the nearest descendant of Henry VII. [See children of Henry VII.] His 



JAMES II. — JEFFERSON. 47 

reign is noted for the oppressive laws enacted ajrainst the Puritans, and their conse- 
quent emigration, with those already in Holland, to xMassachusetts, in 1620; the Gun- 
powder Plot, in 1605; settlement of Jamestown, in 1607; execution of Sir Walter Raleigh, 
in 1618; commencement of the Thirty Years' War; settlement of New Hampshire and 
New Jersey; and the dissolution of the London Company, in 1624. James married 
Anne of Denmark, in 1590. His children were Henry and Itobert, who died young; 
Charles, who succeeded him; and Elizabeth, who married Frederick V., Elector Palatine. 
He died in 1624. 

JAMES II. 1633-1701. 
James IT. of England (and VII. of Scotland.) was born in 1633, and created Duke 
of York. At the time of the Restoration he became Lord High Admiral of England. In 
1664 he received from his brother, Charles II., all the Dutch possessions in North 
America. Both his wives were Roman Catholics, and the Duke openly espousing the 
same faith, an attempt was made to exclude him from the succession by Act of Parlia- 
ment. He ascended the throne on the death of his brother, Charles II. Monmouth's 
Rebellion occurred in 1685. [For the acts of the king which brought on the "Glorious 
Revolution," and compelled James to abdicate, see " Cause of King William's War," 
Histr/ricnl Companion, Part First.] James married Anne Hyde, daughter of Lord Clar- 
endon, by whom he had two daughters: Mary, who reigned with William; and Anne, 
who succeeded them. His second wife was Mary Deatrice, of Modena, by whom he had 
James Francis, the "Old Pretender." James fled to France, where, after the war was 
ended, he lived in retirement, seeking, by the practice of various religious acts, to atone 
for the sins of his former life. He died at St. Germain, September 16th, 1701, a pen- 
sioner on the bounty of the French king, Louis XIV. 

JAY, JOHN. 1745-1829. 
John Jay, LL.D., an eminent American statesman and jurist, was born in New York 
in 1745. He was chosen a delegate to the first Continental Congress in 1774. Being 
placed on a commission with Richard II. Lee and Dr. Livingston, he prepared a most 
eloquent address to the people of Great Britain, and performed other important ser- 
vices which place him with Adams and Franklin. In 1779 he was President of Congi-ess. 
He was then sent to England to further the interests of this country, and soon after 
the conclusion of peace, in 1784, returned to the United States. From this time to the 
adoption of the Constitution he was Secretary of Foreign Affairs, when he was appointed 
Chief Justice. In 1794 he went to Europe, and concluded the treaty which bears his 
name. He died in 1829. 

JEFFERSON, THOMAS. 1743-1826. 
Thomas Jefferson, LL.D., third President of the United States, was born in Shadwell, 
Virginia, in 1743, and was educated as a lawyer. In 1775 he entered Congress, and took 
a conspicuous and decided stand against the course pursued by Great Britain. The 
Declaration of Independence was adopted very nearly as he wrote it. On the return 
of Dr. Franklin to America, in 1785, Jlr. Jefferson was named his successor at Paris, 
whence he proceeded as Envoy to London in 17S6. The ungracious reception of 
Jlr. Adams and him.'self. induced him to return to the Continent, where he remained 
until 1789, zealously pursuing whatever would promote the interests of his country. 
lie was Secretary of State during Washington's first Administration, and Vice-President 
with John Adams, lie was elected President in ISOl, and, after serving eight years, 
retired to private life, and died on the same day with John Adams, on the fiftieth 
anniversary of American independence. He was the acknowledged head of the Repub- 
lican party, an acute politician, eloquent and persuasive in conversation, and of great 
influence in hi.s political connexions. 



48 JOHNSON — JONES. 

JOHNSON, COLONEL. 
Lieutenant Colonel Johnson was the commander of Stony Point, in 1779, when it 
was taken by General Wayne. 

JOHNSON, SIR JOHN. 1742-1830. 
Sir John Johnson was the son of Sir William Johnson, who was knighted during the 
French and Indian War. His official relations to the parent government, and his oppo- 
sition to the rebellious movements of the Colonies, caused him to be strictly watched. 
In 1775 he fortified his baronial residence, Johnson Hall, and, with his cousin, Guy 
Johnson, was very active in winning the Six Nations from their promised neutrality in 
the coming struggle. These movements caused Congress to take active measures in 
that direction. Johnson buried his moveable treasures, and fled to Canada, where he 
was immediately commissioned a Colonel in the British service, and raised two regi- 
ments called the Johnson Greens. In 1777, with St. Leger, he invested Fort Schuyler, 
but, on the approach of Arnold, was compelled to raise the siege. In 1 779, Sir John John- 
son, Brandt, and Butler, were defeated by Sullivan in the Battle of the Chemung. In 1780, 
Johnson, with Brandt and Corn Planter, invaded the Mohawk and Schoharie settle- 
ments, but the militia gathering in great numbers, he was obliged to retreat to Canada. 
After the war he held several oflices of importance in Canada, and died in 1S30. 

JOHNSON, RICHARD M. 
Richard M. Johnson, an eminent politician, was Tice-President with Martin Tan 
Buren. He took an active part in the wars with the Indians, and particularly distin- 
guished himself in the Battle of the Thames in 1813, when the famous Indian chief, 
Tecumseh, was killed by him. While in Congress, he gained great reputation for a 
masterly argument on the subject of stopping the mails on Sunday. lie died in 1850. 

JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM. 

Sir William Johnson commanded an expedition against Crown Point in 1755, and 
though he did not succeed in taking the Fort, he defeated a body of French, Indian, and 
Canadian troops, and was rewarded with a baronetcy and a gratuity of £5000. In 
1759, Prideaux being killed at the siege of Niagara, Johnson assumed the command, 
and completely defeated the French and Indians. Sir William Johnson obtained from 
the Indian king, Hendrick, nearly 100,000 acres of choice land in the following manner : 
" The Sachem being at the Baronet's house, saw a richly-embroidered coat, and coveted 
it. The next morning he said, 'Brother, me dream last night.' ' Indeed,' answered 
Sir William, 'what did my red brother dream?' 'Me dreamt that coat be mine.' 'It 
is yours,' said the shrewd baronet. Not long after, Sir William had a dream. ' Brother,' 
he said, ' I dreamed last night.* ' What did my pale-faced brother dream?' asked Hen- 
drick. 'I dreamed that this tract was mine,' describing a tract bounded by the 
Mohawk, &c. Hendrick was astonished. He saw the enormity of the request, but 
would not be outdone. ' Brother,' he said, ' the land is yours, but you must not dream 
again.' " — Simms's Schoharie County. « 

Johnson was twice married. His first wife was the mother of Sir John Johnson, and 
of two daughters, who became the wives of Guy Johnson and Daniel Claus. The second 
was Molly Brandt, widow of the sachem of that name. He died in New York in 177-1, 
much regretted by both Tories and Indians. 

JONES, JACOB. 1770-1850. 
Commodore Jacob Jones was born in Smyrna, Delaware, in 1770, and studied medi- 
cine, but soon abandoned the practice of his profession. He entered the navy in 1799 ; 
in 1803, was captured in the Frij^atc I'hilia'.elpl.ia, and remained a prisoner in Tripoli 



JONES — KING. 40 

for eighteen months. While commander of the Wasp, he captured the British Sloop- 
of-war Frolic, He was promoted to the rank of Post-Captain in 1813, and continued in 
the navy until within a few months of his death in 1850. 

JONES, JOHN PAUL. 1747-1792. 
John Paul Jones (his proper name having been John Paul), was a native of Scotland. 
He came to America at the commeucoment of the Revolution, and received a commission 
in the navy. For many years he was the terror of the merchant-vessels. His principal 
engagement was off Flamborough Head with the Serapis in 1779. He was compli- 
mented for his success by a gold medal from Congress, and the cross of military merit 
and sword of honor by the King of France. He afterwards entered the service of 
Russia, and died in 1792. 

K. 

KALB, BARON DE. 
Baron De Kalb was a native of Alsace, and educated in the French army. Towards 
the close of the Seven Years' War, he was dispatched to the British Colonies as a secret 
agent of the French Government. De Kalb came to America again in the spring of 
1777, with Lafayette, and eleven other French, German, and I'olish ofRcers. lie was 
commissioned a Major-General in September. He immediately joined the main army 
under Washington, and assisted in the encampment of the troops at Valley Forge. He 
was in command at Elizabeth town and Amboy in New Jersey, and, while at Morristown 
in the spring of 1780, was at the head of the Maryland Division. With these he went 
South to re-inforce Lincoln, but was too late to afford aid at Charleston. At the Battle 
of Camden he was wounded, and died in three days. The pay of De Kalb was in arrears 
at the time of his death, and recently some of his heirs have petitioned Congress for its 
payment In 1855 a bill was passed, granting $66,000 for principal and interest. 

KANE, ELISHA KENT. 1822-1857. 
Elisha Kent Kane, United States navy surgeon and naturalist, was born in Phila- 
delphia in 1822, and graduated in the University of Pennsylvania in 1843. He entered 
the naval service as assistant surgeon, and was attached to the first American embassy 
to China; visiting, in succession, China, the Philippine Islands, Ceylon, &c., and pene- 
trating into the interior of India. He was the first white person who descended into 
the j;rater of the Tael of Luzon, suspended by a bamboo rope around his body, from a 
projecting crag 203 feet above the interior. After visiting Nubia and Egypt, he returned 
through Europe to the United States, but was immediately ordered to Africa, whence 
he returned in 1847, much prostrated by the African fever. Having enlisted in 
the Mexican War as a volunteer, he traversed the enemy's country with despatches 
from the President. In 1850 he sailed in search of Sir John Franklin, and underwent 
the singular perils which characterized that expedition. He returned in 1856, aud 
died in 1857: His father. Judge Kane, of Philadelphia, died in 1858. 

KEARNEY, STEPHEN W. 1794-1848. 
General Kearney was born in 1794. He was an officer in the American army, and 
served in the Mexican War. He died in 1848. 

KING, WILLIAM RUFUS. 1786-1853. 
' William R. King, the thirteenth Vice-President of the United States, was born in 
North Carolina in 1786. After serving six years in Congress, he accompanied Mr. 
I'inckney, of Maryland, to Europe, as Secretary of Legation. In 1829 he was a Senator 
from Alabama; and, in 1844, sent as Minister to France. He returned voluntarily in 
1846, and continued in the Senate until promoted to the office of Vice-President in 1852. 



50 KNOX — LAFAYETTE. 

After his election, and previous to his inauguration as Tioe-President, he visited Cul\i 
for the benefit of his health. The oath of office was administered to him by the Amtri- 
cau Consul. His health, however, not being essentially benefited, his ardent desire 
was to return home, and die aniouj^ his kiridred. He reached his plantation at 
Cahawba, Dallas County, Alabama, April 17 th, 1853, and died the next day. 

KNOX, HENRY. 1750-1806. 
General Knox was born in Boston in 1750, and served as a volunteer at Bunker Hill. 
He fought at Trenton, Princeton, Germantown, and Monmouth, and was promoted to 
the rank of Miijor-General after the surrender of Cornwallis. He held the oflEice of 
Secretary of War from 1785 to 179-4, He died in 1806. 

KNYPHAUSEN, BARON. 
General (the Baron) Knyphausen was a native of Alsace. The twelve thousand 
German troops, hired by the English Government, were placed under his command — 
and the Hessians, under Baron De Reidesel. He arrived with Admiral Lord Howe in 
June, 1776. He was in the battles of Long Island, Brandywine, and Springfield. For 
some months, during the absence of Sir H. Clinton at the South, Knyphausen was iu 
command in New York. He died in Prussia in 1789. 

KOSCIUSKO, THADDEUS. 1756-1817. 
General Kosciusko, the last Generalissimo of the republic of Poland, was born in 
Lithuania in 1756. An unfortunate attachment for the daughter of Losnowski, Mar- 
shal of Lithuania, exiled him from his home: and, having offered his services in the 
cause of American freedom, he became an Aid-de-camp to General Washington in 1776. 
He fortified the camp of Gen. Gates at Bemi.s's Heights, and superintended the works at 
West Point. He distinguished himself at the siege of Ninety-Six, and, having been 
promoted to the rank of General, he returned to his own country iu 1786. From this 
time he strove to preserve the independence of xinhappy Poland. With the "integrity 
of a Washington, and the activity of a Cassar," he withstood the immense armies of 
Prussia, Russia, and Austria — but in vain. In October, 1794, after having three times 
repulsed a Russian force far supei-ior to their own, the Poles were obliged to give way, 
and Kosciusko, covered with wounds, fell, exclaiming, " Finis Polonise." In 1797 he 
again visited this country. He never married. Kosciusko died in Switzerland in 1817. 
His body wa^ placed, by permission of the Emperor, in the tomb of the kings at Cracow, 
and the women of Poland went into mourning for his loss. 



L. 

LAFAYETTE, MARQUIS DE. 1757-1834. 
Marie Paul Jean Roche Yvres Gilbert Mottier (Marquis De Lafayette,) was born at 
Chavaignac, in Auvergne, in 1757. In 1774, when only seventeen years of. age, he mar- 
ried the Countess Noailles. He offered his services to the patriots of America in 1T76, 
and, in 1777, joined the army under Washington. With his purse, sword, and counsel, 
and influence at the French court, he greatly aided in the struggle for freedom. Ho 
was invited to become a member of Washington's military family. He was wounded in 
the leg at Brandywine; in December, was appointed to the command of a division, 
and rendered important sei-vices while the army was quartered at Valley Forge; w.is 
with Col. Greene, when he went to the relief of Fort Mercer; and highly distinguished 
himself at Monmouth. In August, the same ye^ir, he commanded the Continental 
Infantry in Rhode Island, and, wlien the French fleet sailed for Boston, was dispatched 
to solicit their return. Thoujih he travelled from Botitou to RLcdc Island, 70 miles, in 



LAUHENS — LEDYARD. 51 

six and a half hours, he was only in time to aid in a successful retreat. In the spring 
of 1779, Lafayette returned to France, to aid the cause of freedom still more by his elo- 
quence and enthusiasm than he could have done by his arms. In 1780 he was again in 
America, with promises from the French Government of clothing, arms, and a fleet, of 
which Rochambeau was the commander. Lafayette was one of the court that tried 
Major Andre, and also conducted an expedition to Virginia to capture Arnold. He was 
honorably mentioned by Washington after the engagement at Yorktown. Lafayette 
then went to France to procure additional assistance; returned in 1784; but the symji- 
toms of revolution in his native laud induced him to seek its shores again, where he 
act«d a conspicuous part in the great scenes of his country's history. In 1792 he was 
obliged to flee on account of his moderation, and, being seized by the Austrians, was 
Icept a prisoner at Olmutz for five years. In 1824 he visited America, and was received 
with the most unbounded enthusiasm. In 1830 he refused the proffered crown of con- 
stitutional monarch, and designated Louis Philippe. Lafayette died in 1834. 

LAURENS, HENRY. 1724-1792. 
Henry Laurens was born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1724. Having acquired 
a fortune, he went to England in 1771, but returned in 1774, and was chosen a member 
of the Council of Safety. In 1776 he became President of Congress. In 1779 he was 
sent as Minister Plenipotentiary to Holland; on his way there he was captured by tbe 
British, and confined in the Tower for more than fourteen months. Having been ap- 
pointed commissioner to negotiate peace, he signed the treaty at Paris, November 30th, 
1782. He died December 8th, 1792. 

LAURENS, JOHN. 
Lieutenant-Colonel John Laurens joined the army in 1777. He displayed great valor 
in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and Rhode Island. He was 
engaged in the battles of Charleston and Savannah, after which, in 1780, he was sent 
as special Minister to France. At the Battle of Yorktown he rendered important ser- 
vice, and, at the close of the war, was killed in a trifling skirmish near Combahee. 

LAWRENCE, JAMES. 1781-1813. 
Commodore Lawrence was born in 1781, and became a midshipman in 1797. He was 
with Com. Decatur in the war with Tripoli, and was afterwards successively promoted 
to the command of the Vixen, Wasp. Argus, and Hornet. He took the British vessel, 
Peacock, after an engagement of fifteen minutes. The capture of the Chesapeake by 
the British frigate Shannon in 1813, and the last words of Lawrence, "Don't give up 
ship," are well known. His remains have been removed from Halifax, and deposited 
in Trinity Church-yard, New York. 

LEAR, TOBIAS; 
Tobias Lear, an American Colonel, was Consul-General at St. Domingo in 1802. He 
was subsequently appointed Consul at Tripoli, and, in 1804, commissioner with Barron 
to negotiate a peace, which he effected by paying $60,000 for 200 prisoners. He died in 
1816. 

LEDYARD, WILLIAM. 

Colonel Ledyard was a cousin of John Ledyard, the celebrated traveller. In 1781, 
New London was attacked by a fleet commanded by Arnold. Fort Trumbull was eva- 
cuated, and the inhabitants, unable to defend the town, were compelled to fly. Arnold 
set fire to the town, and despatched Col. Eyre to take Fort Griswold. Col. Ledyard 
commanded, and made the best resistance that he could. Col. Eyre and Major Mont- 
gomery being killed, the command devolved on Major Bromfield. The fort was sur- 
rendered unconditionally, when not more than a dozen Americans were killed. As 
II. — 5 



52 LEE— LEWIS. 

Ledyard surrendered his sword, Bromfield ran him through the hody, and a general 
massacre of the garrison took place. Arnold reported that " eighty-five men were found 
dead in Fon Griswold, and sixty wounded, most of them mortally." 

LEE, ARTHUR. 1740-1792. 
Arthur Lee, a brother of Richard Henry Lee, was born in 1740. After practi.^ing 
mfdicine, he went to London in 1766, and studied law, to fit himself for political life. 
Lee kept his brother-patriots informed of the movements of the British Ministry. lie 
was a commissioner, with Deane and Franklin, to the Court of Versailles, and, the same 
year, unsuccessfully to Spain, In 1777 he made overtures to the Prussian Government. 
In 1779 he and Adams were recalled. He held several oflices of trust, and died in 1792, 

LEE, CHARLES. 

General Charles Lee, a native of Wales, became an officer at eleven years of age. and 
was with Abercrombie at the unsuccessful attack on Ticonderoga. He distinguished 
himself in Portugal with Burgoyne, and. after travelling over Europe, came to America 
on half pay. In 1775 he resigned his commission, and accepted one in the Am-erican 
army, to which he rendered the most efficient service. In 1776 he was taken prisoner, 
while carelessly guarded in a house in New Jersey, and was detained in New York 
until May, 1778, when be was exchanged for Prescott. His military career ended with 
the Battle of Monmouth, where, having failed to perform an order, he was severely 
reprimanded by Washington. Lee, greatly offended, challenged Washington, for which 
he was court-martialed, and suspended for one year. He retired to a small hovel on 
his estate in Virginia, and, with no company but books and dogs, spent his time in 
writing political works of the most bitter character. He died in obscurity in Phila- 
delphia in 1782. 

LEE, HENRY, 1756-1818. 

General Henry Lee was born in Virginia in 1756. He joined the army in 1776, and 
took an active part in the Battle of Germ an town. In 1778 the enemy attempted to 
capture him at Valley Forge, but were unsuccessful. In 1780 he joined the Southern 
army, and took an active part in Greene's retreat, and in the Battle of Guilford Court- 
House. After taking several forts, he joined Greene at Ninety-Six, and distinguished 
himself at the Battle of Eutaw Springs. In 1786 he became a member of Congress; in 
1788 he was the delegate fi-om Virginia to ratify the Constitution; in 1792 he became 
Governor of Virginia; in 1794 he quelled the Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania; 
and in 1799 he was appointed by Congress to deliver Washington's funeral oration. 
While subduing a mob in Baltimore, in 1814, he received a wound, from which he never 
entirely recovered. He died in 1818. 

LEE, RICHARD HENRY, 1732-1794, 
Richard Henry Lee, brother of Arthur Lee, was born in Virginia in 1732. He was 
one of the most energetic of the opponents to British rule in the Colonies; was a 
member of the first Continental Congress; in 1776 he offered the resolution declaring 
the Colonies " free and independent" ; he was a .signer of the Declaration of Independence. 
In 1784 he was President of Congress, and died in 1794. 

LEWIS, MERIWETHER. 1774-1809. 

Meriwether Lewis was born in Virginia in 1774. He was sent out by Congress, in 1S0.3, 

to explore the western part of the Continent. The expedition was successful, and, after 

his return in 1806, he was made Governor of Louisiana. He committed suicide iu 



LINCOLN — LOPEZ. 53 

LINCOLN, BENJAMIN. 1733-1810. 
Major-General Lincoln was born in Massachusetts in 1733. He was elected a member 
of Congress in 1775; appointed Major-General in 1776, and was wounded in the attack 
on Bemis' Heights. He was second in command under Gates, in 1777; was appointed 
to the command of the Southern army, and arrived at Charleston, December, 17 7 S. 
He was repulsed at Stono Ferry, June, 1779, and, in conjunction with D'Estaing. was 
defeated at Savannah in October. He surrendered at Charleston, May, 1780; was ex- 
changed for General Philips in November; and afterwards joined Washington on the 
Hudson. He was at Yorktown in 1781, and received the sword of Cornwallis. The 
same year he was made Secretary of War. In 1787 he suppressed Shay's Insurrection, 
and was chosen Lieutenant-Governor of the State. He was one of the delegates to ratify 
the Constitution. General Lincoln died in 1810. 

LIVINGSTON, HENRY. 1752-1823. 
Colonel Henry Livingston was born in 1752. He accompanied Gen. Montgomery to 
St. John's, Montreal, and Quebec, He assisted in the capture of the fort at Chambly, 
and accompanied Arnold to the relief of Fort Schuyler in 1777. He was a Lieutenant- 
Colonel in the army at Stillwater, and was present at the capture of Burgoyne. Liv- 
ingston was in command of Stony Point at the time of Arnold's treason. At the close 
of the war he was made a Brigadier-General, and died in 1823. 

LIVINGSTON, ROBERT R. 1747-1813. 
Robert R. Livingston, an American lawyer and statesman, was born in New York in 
1747. He was one of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence. From 
1781 to 1783 he was Secretary of Foreign Affairs. In 1779 he administered the oath of 
office to President Washington. In 1801 he accepted the appointmentof Minister Pleni- 
potentiary to France, which he had refused in 1794, and was received with great respect 
by Napoleon, First Consul. He was associated with Monroe for the purchase of Louisi- 
ana. Mr. Livingston was the friend of Fulton, and was instrumental in the introduc- 
tion of steam-navigation, and many improvements in science and art. He died in 1813. 

LOCKE, JOHN. 1632-1704. 
John Locke was born in 1632, near Bristol, England. He was one of the most cele- 
brated statesmen of the age of Charles II., and is well known as the author of the 
"Essay concerning the Human Understanding." As the difficuliies between liberal 
principles and the corrupt policy of the court rose to its height, Locke was compelled to 
withdraw to the Continent, and found a refuge in Holland. At the time of the Revo- 
lution in 1088, he returned home in the fleet that carried the Prince of Orange. From 
this time his course was prosperous. He was employed by Lord Shaftsbur}' to draft a 
Constitution for South Carolina, called the "Fundamental Constitution," but it was 
found so unsuitable to the circumstances of the people, that it was abandoned. Among 
other absurdities, it established an order of hereditary nobility. Locke died in 1704. 

LOGAN. 
Logan was the son of Shikellimus, a Cayuga Chief, so named in honor of James 
Logan, the Indian's friend. Logan was a friend of the whites, but became a bitter 
enemy when his whole family were murdered by a band of white men who feigned 
friendship, in 1774. He took an Indian's revenge, and refused to consent to the treaty 
of peace made by his tribe. Logan became a drunkard, and was murdered in 1781. 

LOPEZ, NARCISSO. 1791-1851. 
General Lopez, a Cuban patriot, was, for many years, conspicuous for his advocacy 
of republican principles. In 1849, when he supposed that everything was ready for 



54 LOUDON — LOUIS XV. 

throwing off the yoke of Spain, Lopez came to the United States, and organized a force 
•which made an absurd invasion, known as the Round Island Expedition. In May, 
1850, he suddenly occupied the town of Cardenas, and as quickly evacuated it. In 
1851 he again landed in Cuba, at Bahia Honda, where he and a large part of his com- 
pany were captured. On the 21st of September, 1851, Lopez suffered an ignominious 
death by the garotte, at Havana. 

LOUDON, LORD. 

Lord Loudon was appointed Commander-in-chief of the British forces in America, 
He was a man of no energy of character; his utter indecision, and habit of procrastina- 
tion, thwarting all his active intentions. After wasting the whole season in preparing 
to do something, he was recalled by Pitt, who gave as a reason for appointing Lord 
Amherst, that " the Minister never heard from him, and could not tell what he was 
doing." 

LOUIS XII. 1468-1515. 

Louis XIL, King of France, ascended the throne on the death of Charles VIII., in 
1498. He was an amiable monarch, and beloved by his subjects. He died in 1515. 

LOUIS XIII. 1601-1643. 
Louis XIII., King of France, born in 1601. was the son of Henry IV. and Mary de 
Medicis. He ascended the throne in 1610. His reign is noted for the successful siege 
of La Rochelle, which completed the subjection of the Protestants; the able statesman- 
ship of Cardinal Richelieu; and the war with Spain. Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis 
in 1643. 

LOUIS XIV. 1638-1715. 

Louis XIV. (sumamed the Great), King of France, was a son of Louis XTII., and suc- 
ceeded his father in 1643, when only four years old. The Regency was in the hands 
of the Queen-mother, Anne of Austria. Mazarin was Prime Minister. At his death, in 
1661, Louis assumed the management of affairs; commerce began to flourish; the arts 
and sciencps were patronized ; colonies were established in America, Madagascar, and 
Cayenne ; talented and learned men visited every part of the world to advance the inte- 
rests of science; and the literati of foreign nations found in Louis, and his virtuous 
minister, patrons and friends. In 1672 the French king attacked Holland, but his con- 
quests were stopped by the Dutch opening their sluices, and submerging the country. 
The Treaty of Nimeguen restored peace to the Continent. Louis now completed the 
canal at Languedoc; enlarged and improved the seaports; established naval and mili- 
tary schools, and thus laid the foundation of the future military glory of the kingdom. 
In 1685 Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes, by which 50,000 families were banished, and, 
with them, the arts, manufactures, and treasures of France. In King William's "War 
(1689-1697), the French fleet was defeated off Cape La Hogue, in 1692. Queen Anne's 
War (1702-1713,) followed, and the victories of Marlborough, with many private and 
public calamities, completely subdued the spirits of the French monarch. Louis died 
in 1715. 

LOUIS XV. 1710-1774. 

Louis XV., King of France (son of the Duke of Burgundy), was born in 1710, and, in 
1715, succeeded his great-grandfather, Louis XIV. Philip, Duke of Orleans, was ap- 
pointed his guardian. In 1720, Law's Mississippi Scheme brought ruin on more than 
10,000 families. In 1725 the king married Mary, daughter of Stanislaus, nominal 
King of Poland, and was soon after involved in a war with Germany as to the succession 
to the throne of Poland. The death of the Emperor, Charles VI., in 1740, originated 
new dissensions. Louis, very dishonestly, joined with Prussia and Poland to place 
Charles Albert, Duke of Bavaria, on the imperial throne. The English were successful 



LOUIS XVI. — MAGAW. 55 

at Dettingen, and in Italy and Provence. Louis was subject to great reverses. The 
Treaty of Aix-ia-Chapelle, in 1748, suspended hostilities until war was again commenced, 
in 1755, between England and France, about their possessions in Canada. A treaty was 
signed in 1763, by which England acquired all the French possessions in America. 
During this reign, Corsica was conquered, and the Jesuits were banished from France. 
Louis XV. died in 1774, having reigned fifty-nine years. 

LOUIS XVI. 1754-1793. 
Louis XVI., King of France (son of the Dauphin, and of Mary Josephine of Poland), 
was born in 1754, and ascended the throne on the death of his grandfather, Louis XV., 
in 1774. In order to repair the misconduct of his predecessors, and to meet the exigen- 
cies of an exhausted treasuiy, a ruined commerce, and the discontents of a nation loaded 
with taxes, the king emplcj'ed the most able men of the kingdom — Vergenne, Turgot, 
Malesherbes, Sartine, and Maurepas. But, unfortunately, the support of the Ameri- 
cans involved the country in a war with England, and increased the debts of France, 
and the miseries of her subjects. Encompassed by difficulties, which were daily in- 
creasing, Louis convoked the States-General in 1789. But this act, together with his 
assent to the new Constitution of 1790, only increased the revolutionary spirit. The 
king escaped, June 21st, 1791, but was brought back from the frontier. June 20th. 1792, 
the palace was attacked by a mob. August 10th, the Tuilleries were again attacked, and 
the king fled to the hali of the Assembly. He was tried, and condemned to death, Jan. 
17th ; and executed, Jan. 21st, 1793. He married IMarie Antoinette, who was executed 
Oct. 16th, 1793. Their children were Maria Theresa Charlotte, who married her cousin, 
the Duke of Angouleme; Louis, who died in 1781; Charles Louis, who died in 1793; and 
a daughter, who died in infancy. 

M. 
MACOMB, ALEXANDER. 1782-1841. 

Major-Gcneral Macomb was born in Michigan in 1782. He distinguished himself, in 
1813, in the successful attack of the Americans on Fort George, and, in 1814, was sta- 
tioned at Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain. The place was attacked by Sir George Pre- 
Tost, with a superior force of veteran troops, over whom Macomb and M'Donough 
obtained a most signal victory. In 1828 Macomb was appointed Commander-in-chief 
of the army, which office he held until his death in 1841, when he was succeeded by 
General Scott. 

MADISON, JAMES. 1751-1836. 

James Madison, LL. D., the fourth President of the United States, was horn in Vir- 
ginia in 1751. He was a distinguished member of the Convention which prepared the 
Constitution of the United States. He united with Jay and Hamilton in urging ita 
adoption, and wrote various essays on the subject, styled " The Federalist." From 1789 
to 1797 he was in Congress, and was strongly opposed to the financial measures of 
Hamilton, and the policy of Washington. In 1798 he proposed resolutions in the Legis- 
lature of Virginia, denouncing the "Alien and Sedition Acts." He was Secretary of 
State from 1801 to 1809, when he became President. He was re-elected in 1812, and. at 
the close of hLs Administration, retired to his residence at Montpelier, where he died 
in 1836. 

MAGAW, COLONEL. 

Colonel Magaw commanded Fort Washington — and General Greene, Fort Lee. 
Washington. Lee, and some others, thought that Fort Washington ought to be aban- 
doned, but Greene considered it necessary to the defence of the river that both forts 
should bo ret •iiicd. A combined attack at four different points, under Knyphauscn, 
Bahl, Cornwallis, and Percy, was made, and, though Magaw made a gallant doloucc, 
6 '•' 



56 MAGELLAN — MASON. 

he was compelled to surrender, Nov. 16th, 1776. Washington, standing on Morris's 
house, with Putnam, Greene, and Mercer, surveyed the scene of operation. Fifteen 
minutes after they left the house, the British Colonel, Stirling, occupied it. From 
Fort Lee, "Washington saw the British flag unfurled. 

MAGELLAN. 
Magellan (or Fernando de Magelhaens), a famous Portuguese navigator, employed hy 
Charles Y., sailed in 1519; passed through the straits that hear his name, in 1520; and 
was killed, in 1521, in the Philippine Islands. The Pacific Ocean was named by him. 

MANLY, JOHN. 1734-1793. 

Captain John Manly received a naval commission from General Washington in 1775, 

and. while commander of the schooner Lee, captured a brig loaded with heavy pieces, 

mortars, and working-tools, which were of immense value to the Continental army. 

ITis capture of the Hancock increased his high reputation for bravery and skill. He 

suffered a long imprisonment by the British at Halifax and in Mill Prison. He died in 

1793. 

MARION, FRANCIS. 1732-1795. 

General Francis Marion was born in South Carolina in 1732. According to Weems, 
"at his birth he was not larger than a New England lobster, and might easily have 
been put into a quart pot." In 1775 he was appointed Captain of a South Carolina 
regiment, and fought bravely at Fort Moultrie in 1776. The country from Camden to 
the sea-coast, between the Pedee and Santee Rivers, was the scene of his operations. 
In addition to his distinction in partisan warfare, he acquired much renown by tiie 
assistance he rendered in conducting the sieges of posts held by the enemy. At George- 
town, Fort Watson, Fort Motte, Granby, Parker's Ferry, and at Eutaw, he highly dis- 
tinguished himself. General Marion received the cognomen of "Swamp Fox." He 

died in 1795. 

MARSHALL, JOHN. 1755-1836. 

John Marshall, LL.D., Chief Justice of the United States, was born in Virginia in 
1755. He received but a limited education. In the Revolutionary War he fought in 
the battles of Great Bridge, Brandy wine, Germantown. and Monmouth. He was Envoy 
to France, with Pinckney and Gerry, but, not being accredited, returned to the United 
States in 1798 ; became a member of Congress in 1799 ; Secretary of War in 1800 ; soon 
after, Secretary of State ; and, from 1801 until his death. Chief .Justice. He was proba- 
bly the most illustrious Judge that America has ever had. Marshall's " Life of Wash- 
ington" is justly celebrated. He died at Philadelphia in 1836. 

MARY. 1517-1558. 
Mary, Queen of England (eldest daughter of Henry VIII. and Catharine of Arragon\ 
was born at Greenwich in 1517. The treatment her mother received so exasperated 
her against her father, that he would have put her to death, had not Cranmer inter- 
fered. She was educated a Roman Catholic, and, on her accession to the throne in 1553, 
guided by the counsels of Gardiner, assented to those persecutions of the Protestants 
wliich have fixed upon her the appellation of "Bloody Mary." Persons of every age 
and sex were brought to the stake: the youthful Lady Jane Grey and her husband, 
and even Cranmer, who had saved her life, fell victims to her power. In 1554 she mar- 
ried Philip of Spain, son of Charles V., but the coldness and absence of her phlegmatic 
husband, her being childless, and the loss of Calais, preyed upon her spirits, and she 

died in 1558. 

MASON, JOHN. 

Captain John Mason was born in England, and bred to arms under Sir Thomas 
Fairfax. When the Pequods became hostile. Mason, with seventy men, marched to 



MASSASOIT — MIFFLIN. ^*l 

Saybrook. He then wisely determined to sail past their country to that of the Nar- 
ragansetts, then return and surprise them. The stratagem was successful, and the 
Indians were totally defeated. Mason was appointed Major-Genei-al of all the Connecti- 
cut forces. He held many important ofiBces until his death, in 1673. 

MASSASOIT. 

Massasoit was the Sachem, or Sagamore, of the Wampanoags. His dominions ex- 
tended from Narragansett to Massachusetts Bay. His residence was Mt. Hope, on 
Narragansett Bay. He was induced to enter into a treaty of friendship with the set- 
tlers at Plymouth. So highly was he esteemed, that when he was ill, in 1623, Wiuslow 
and others made the long journey to his residence to see him. He died in 1665, and 
"was succeeded by Alexander, who died two years afterwards. Metacomet, or King 
Philip, then became king. 

M'DONOUGH, THOMAS. 

Commodore M'Donough, a native of Delaware, served as a midshipman in the war 
with Tripoli. In 1814 he was commander of the American forces on Lake Champlain. 
When riattsburg was attacked by Commodore Downie and General Prevost. M'Donough 
assembled his men on the deck of the Saratoga — he then knelt, and, in earnest, humble 
supplication, commended himself, his men, and their cause, to the Lord of Hosts. In 
two hours and twenty minutes, he, as well as Macomb, commander of the land forces 
gained a complete victory. M'Donough was loaded with honors, and still more sub- 
etantial gifts were bestowed tipon him. He died in 1825. 

McDOUGALL, ALEXANDER. 
General McDougall was the son of a Scotchman who sold milk in the streets of New 
York. He was at the Battle of Long Island, and commanded at White Plains, in 1776; 
Germantown, Fort Montgomery, and Peekskill, in 1777 ; had command at West Point, 
in 1778 ; Secretary of Marine, in 1781 ; and Treasurer-General of the Cincinnati Society, 
iu 1783. He died in 1786. 

MEIGS, RETURN JONATHAN. 
Colonel Meigs accompanied Arnold in his expedition to Canada in 1775, and was taken 
prisoner, with Captains Morgan and Dearborn, at the attack on Quebec. He was ex- 
changed in 1776. In 1777 he attacked the British at Sag Harbor, Long Island, took 
ninety prisoners, destroyed twelve vessels and much forage, without the loss of a single 
man. He commanded a regiment at the capture of Stony Point in 1779. He died in 
1823. 

MERCER, HUGH. 

General Mercer, a native of Scotland, was educated for the medical profession. At 
Braddock's Defeat he was left on the field severely wounded, but succeeded in reaching 
a settlement. He disMnguished himself at Trenton. In the Battle of Princeton, Jan. 
3d, 1777, he was surrounded by some British soldiery, who, refusing him "quarter," 
stabbed him with their bayonets, and left him for dead. He died Jan. 19th. 1777, and 
was buried in Christ Church, Second Street, above Market, Philadelphia. Thirty 
thousand persons followed his remains to the grave. 

MIFFLIN, THOMAS. 1744-1800. 
General MifiBin was appointed Major-General in 1777, and, the same year was placed 
at the head of the Quartermaster's Department. He had been a delegate to the first 
Continental Congress in 1774, and, though a Quaker, was eloquent in urging an appeal 
to arms. He was with Washington at Dorchester Heights; superintended the retreat 
from Long Island after the defeat; assisted Gen. Putnam in the defence of Pliiladeljilna; 
and, with Cadwalladcr, broke up the Britiiih lines on the Delaware, in 1777. He is 



58 MILLER — MORRIS. 

charged with having joined Conway and others, in 1778, in an attempt to rcmoTe 
Washington from his position as Commander-in-chief. He was President of Congress 
in 1783. For nine years he was Gorernor of Pennsylvania, and greatly assisted in 
quelling the Whisky Insurrection. Gov. Mifflin died in 1800. 

MILLER, JAMES. 1775-1851. 
General Miller entered the army in 1810. He was present at the battles of Chippeway 
and Lundy's Lane. In the latter battle, being asked if he could storm an important 
but impregnable position, his laconic reply was, " I will try." He died in 1851. 

MONROE, JAMES. 1758-1831. 
James Monroe, LL.D., fifth President of the United States, was bom in Virginia in 
1758. He entered the army in 1776, and was at the battles of Harlem Heights, White 
Plains, Trenton (in which he was wounded), Brandy wine, German town, and Mon- 
mouth. He was successively a member of the State Legislature and of Congress. In 
1794 he was Minister to France; in 1803, to England; and the next year, to Spain. He 
was Secretary of State from 1809 to 1817, when he was elected President of the United 
States. In 1821 he was unanimously re-elected, with the exception of one electoral 
vote in New Hampshire. He died July 4th, 1831. 

MONTCALM, LOUIS JOSEPH. 
The Marquis Montcalm, descended from a noble family, distinguished himself on the 
Continent of Europe, and, after attaining the rank of Field-Marshal, was appointed 
Governor of Canada in 1756. He ably opposed Lord Loudon; defeated his successor, 
Lord Abercrombie ; but was killed at the taking of Quebec, in 1759. 

MONTGOMERY, RICHARD. 
General Montgomery was with Wolfe at the taking of Quebec, in 1759. He took 
Montreal from the English in 1775, and was killed in the attack on Quebec. A monu- 
ment was erected to his memory in front of St. Paul's Church, New York. 

MORGAN, DANIEL. 1735-1802. 
Daniel Morgan was born in New Jersey in 1735, and removed to Virginia in 1755. He 
commanded a troopof cavalry under Washington in 1775, and was taken prisoner in the 
expedition against Quebec. He was with Gates at the surrender of BurgojTie in 1777, 
and defeated Tarleton at Cowpens, South Carolina, in 1781. In 1794 he commanded 
the Virginia militia in the suppression of the Whisky Insurrection. He was afterwards 
a member of Congress from Virginia, and died in 1802. 

MORRIS, ROBERT. 
Robert Morris, the financier of the Revolution, was bom in England, and came to 
this country at the early age of thirteen. For many years, in partnership with Thomas 
Willing, he carried on a large commercial establishment. In the dark hour of the 
Revolution, just before the Battle of Trenton, Washington succeeded in retaining a 
large portion of his troops in service, by promising a bounty to each soldier. He wrote 
to Morris, stating the urgent necessities of the case. Government credit was low, and 
Morris knew not where to obtain the large sum required. Meeting a wealthy Quaker, 
he made known his wants. "What security canst thou give?" asked the Quaker. 
"My note and my honor," said Morris. "Thou shalt have it," was the answer. The 
next morning Morris sent $50,000 to Waf^hington. In 1781 he received the appoint- 
ment of Superintendent of Finance, and, by his extensive credit, private resources, and 
commercial skill in financial operations, rendered great service to his country. 
Having afterwards engaged in large speculations, he lost his immense fortune, and was 
tio reduced that he was confined in prison for debt. He died in 1806. 



MOULTRIE — NAPOLEON I. 59 

MOULTRIE, WILLIAM. 
Win. Moultrie was born in England, but emigrated to this country at an early age, 
and settled in South Carolina. Sullivan's Island was so bravely defended by him, in 
1776, that he received the public thanks of Congress. The name of the fort was changed 
to Moultrie. He was second in command to Lincoln, in the siege of Charleston. He 
was repeatedly chosen Governor of South Carolina, and died in 1805. 



N. 

NAPOLEON I. 1769-1821. 
Napoleon I. (Napoleon Bonaparte), Emperor of the French, was born August 15, 1769, 
at Ajaccio, Corsica. He was educated at Brienne, and commenced his military career 
in 1786. He served at the memorable siege of Toulon in 1793, and, upon the taking 
of that city, was appointed a General in the army of Italy. In 1795 he commanded the 
force which victoriously defended the Convention against the revolt of the Parisians. 
In 1796 he began his career of glory at the head of the army in Italy. Forcing his way 
into the interior, he soon humbled the Italian States, and almost annihilated the five 
armies which Austria sent against him. The Battles of Montenotte and Millessimo. the 
terrible passage of the Bridge of Lodi across the Adda, the victory of Arcole, and fall 
of Mantua, «xcited the French to the highest pitch of enthusiasm, and compelled the 
Emperor of Austria to sign a peace at Campo Formio, Oct. 17th, 1797. In 1798, Bona- 
parte was appointed by the Directory to the command of an army designed for the con- 
quest of Egypt. He took Malta, and gained a decisive victory over the Mamelukes in 
the "Battle of the Pyramids," July 21st, but lost his entire fleet in the "Battle 
of the Nile," August 1st. Having done much to improve Egypt, Napoleon invaded 
Syria in 1799, but having been compelled to raise the siege of St. Jean d'Acre, by Sir 
Sidney Smith, he returned to Egypt, where he totally defeated the Turkish army in 
Aboukir Bay, July 11th. Resigning the command to Kleber, he returned to France, 
overthrew the Directory, and was appointed First Consul. In 1800 he crossed the Alps, 
and gained the important victory of Marengo. In 1802 he concluded a treaty of peace 
with England, at Amiens, which was broken in about a year. In 1804 he was crowned 
Emperor, and, in the following year, King of Italy. A coalition of the European powers 
being formed against him. Napoleon, at the head of 180,000 men, marched towards 
Austria, October 20th. General Mack, with 20,000 men, surrendered to him, Nov. 13th. 
He entered Tienna, and, Dec. 2d, gained the most glorious of all his victories — Auster- 
litz. In 1806 he placed himself at the heod of the Confcdei-ation of the Rhine. Prussia 
having declared war against him, he totally defeated her army at Jena, Oct. 14th. He 
then issued his famous Berlin Decree, declaring the British Isles in a state of blockade. 
Spain was attacked by Napoleon in 1808, and, in 1S09, Austria again took up arms, but 
was defeated at the Battle of Wagram on the 6th and 6th of July. Desirous of an heir 
to the crown, the Emperor divorced Josephine, and married Maria Louisa, a daughter 
of the Austrian Emperor. The birth of a son March 11th, 1811, known as the King of 
Rome (also called the Duke of Reichstadt), seemed to establish Napoleon immovably on 
the throne of France. In June. 1812, he invaded Russia at the head of the "Grand 
Army," consisting of 500.000 men, with 1000 pieces of artillery. The Russians retreated 
before him, desolating the country, to deprive the French of subsistence. An indecisive 
battle was fought at Borodino on the 7th of September. On the 14th, Napoleon entered 
the deserted city of Moscow, but he was compelled to retreat, and, after incredible 
hardships, and the loss of nearly the whole army, he arrived in Paris on the 18th of 
December. In 1813, at the head of a new army of 300,000 men, he gained the Battle 
of Lutzen, May 2d; but suffered a signal defeat at Leipsic, Oct. 18th. In 1814 he was 
compelled to abdicate, and retire to Elba, but returned to France in 1815. The time 



60 NARVAEZ-PAINE. 

that elapsed from his landing, March 10th, until the Battle of Waterloo, June 18th, 
•where he was totally defeated by the English and Prussians, constitutes what is called 
" The Period of the Hundred Days." He was exiled to St. Helena, where he died, 
May 5th, 1821. 

NARVAEZ. 

Pamphilo de Narvaez was sent by Velasquez, Governor of Cuba, to arrest and super- 
sede Cortez in Mexico; but he was defeated, and most of his troops joined his enemy. 
Narvaez afterwards commanded an expedition to Florida, where he landed with three 
hundred men in 1528. After enduring incredible hardships in the interior, they reached 
the Gulf, where they constructed five frail boats, and embarked for Cuba; but, encoun- 
tering a storm, they all perished, except four. 

NORTH, FREDERICK. 1732-1792. 
Lord North (the Minister under whose administration England lost her American 
Colonies,) succeeded Charles Townsend as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1767, and was 
First Lord of the Treasury in 1770, continuing in that high and laborious office until 
the close of the war. In 1778 he brought forward his Conciliatory Bill. ("See Historical 
Companion, Part First, page 36.] Lord North was a persuapive orator, well skilled in 
argument, and possessed great presence of mind and coolness. He died in 1792. 



0. 

OGLETHORPE, JAMES E. 1698-1785. 
Gen. Oglethorpe entered the army at an early age, and served under Prince Eugene, 
as his Aid-de-camp. He founded Savannah in 1733. In 1737 he was appointed General 
of the forces of South Carolina and Georgia. War having been declared, in 1639, be- 
tween England and Spain, Oglethorpe made an unsuccessful expedition against Florida. 
In 1742 the Spaniards invaded Georgia, when, by a successful stratagem, he defeated 
the enemy, and saved the colony. When General Gage went to England, in 1775, the 
command was offered to Oglethorpe, but, as he "would not accept the commission, 
unless he could go to the Americans with assurances from Government that strict justice 
should be done them," Howe was appointed in his place. Oglethorpe died in England 
in 1785. 

OSCEOLA. 1803-1838. 

Osceola (also called Powell,) was the leader of the Seminole Indians in the long war 
carried on against that tribe, previous to their removal west of the Mississippi River. 
He was seized by General Gaines, under a flag of truce, and sent to Fort Moultrie, near 
Charleston, South Carolina, where he died in 1838. 



P. 

PAINE, THOMAS. 1737-1809. 
Thomas Paine, a political writer, was born in 1737, in Norfolk, England. He was an 
exciseman at Lewis, but, being dismissed for some malpractice, emigrated to America, 
where he aided the Revolution by a pamphlet entitled " Common Sense." In 1790 he 
went to London, and excited considerable notice by his " Rights of Man," in answer to 
Burke. A prosecution, however, being instituted against him, he went to France, where 
he was elected to the National Assembly ; but during the career of Robespierre, he was 
thrown into prison, and narrowly escaped the guillotine. While in confinement he 
wrote his infamous work called " The Age of Reason," in which he endeavored to bring 
religion into contempt. Subsequently he published a scandalous attack upon Wash- 
ington. In 1802 he returned to America, and died in 1809. 



PENN — PHILIP. CI 

PENN, WILLIAM. 1644-1718. 
William Penn, son of Admiral Sir William Penn, was born in 1644. Though libe- 
rally educated, and reared in the principles of the Church of England, he adopted the 
doctrines of George i'ox, then attracting universal attention. In 1681 the territory on 
the Delaware River, called New Netherlands, was granted to Penn, in consideration of 
the important services rendered by his father in the taking of Jamaica, in 1655. This 
grant enabled Penn to carry out his long-cherished plan of providing an asylum for the 
oppressed and persecuted of all religious denominations. He devoted all the latter part 
of his life to this great object. In 1682 he visited the province, and remained until 
1684, promoting, in every way, the prosperity of the infant colony. After James II. 
abdicated, Penn was suspected of adherence to the cause of the fallen monarch, and 
of secret efforts to effect his restoration. For this he was imprisoned, and, in 1692, his 
provincial government was taken away, and Fletcher appointed Governor. These sus- 
picions were speedily removed, and, in 1694, the province was restored to Penn. In 
1699 Penn visited the colony with his family, and returned to England in 1701. He 
died in 1718, leaving the province to his three sons. 

PEPPERELL, SIR WILLIAM. 1696-1759 
Sir William Pepperell was, for thirty-two years, annually elected a member of Coumil 
for Massachusetts. Possessing a vigorous frame, fiiin mind, and coolness when in 
danger, he was admirably adapted to a residence in a country continually exposed to 
the attacks of a ferocious enemy. In 1745, the brilliant exploit of capturing Louisburg 
occasioned his being knighted. lie died in 1759. 

PERRY, MATTHEW C. 
Commodore Perry (brother of Oliver H. Perry,) was born in Rhode Island, and .served 
as a midshipman during the war of 1812. Under the auspices of the Colonization So. 
ciety. he selected Cape Mesurado as the first settlement in Liberia. He served as lieu- 
tenant with Com. John Rogers; took charge of the recruiting service at Boston, until 
1&30; and commanded the Concord, that conveyed John ]{andolph as Minister to 
Russia. Having declined the command of the Exploring Expedition, afterwards sent 
out under Lieut. Wilkes, he visited the English dook-j'ards and arsenals. His "able 
co-operation," in the siege of Vera Cruz, was cordially acknowledged by Gen Scott. Ilis 
most distinguished service was the Expedition to Japan, and the negotiation of the 
treaty, March, 1854. He died in 1858. One of his sons is Consul at Hong Kong. 

PERRY, OLIA^ER HAZARD. 1785-1820. 
Captain Perry served during the Tripolitan War, though his extreme youth pre- 
vented his acquiring distinction. In 1813 he was appointed to the command of tha 
squadron on Lake Erie, and, with a force inferior to the British, obtained a signal vic- 
tory. Perry was promoted to the rank of Captain. He was subsequently appointed to 
the command of the Java. He died of the yellow fever, in the West Indies, in 1820. 

PHILIP, KING. 
Massasoit having died in 1665, Alexander, his eldest son, succeeded him. He died two 
years after his father, and his brother Pometacom, or Metacomet (better known by bis 
English name of King Philip.) became the head of the nation. Already his keen per- 
ception gave him uneasiness respecting his race. Year after year the progress of the 
whites had curtailed the broad domains of the Wampanoags, until they possessed little 
more than the narrow strips of land at Pokanoket and Pocasset (now Bristol and 
Tiverton). Still he kept the treaty, made with Massasoit, for more than twelve yenrs, 
and it was not until 1675 that actual hostilities commenced. [See " King Philip's War." 
Jfidorical Companion, Part First.] Philip was killed at Mt- Hope, Rhode Island, by a 
liufty commanded by Captain Cuurch, in 1676, 



62 PHIPPS — PINCKNEY. 

PIIIPPS, SIR WILLIAM. 
Sir William Phipps lived in the vrilderness of Maine until he -was twenty-two years 
of age, when he went to Boston, where he learned to read and write. He then went to 
sea, and discovered the wreck of a Spanish vessel on the ccast of Hispaniola, from which 
he recovered plate, pearls, and jewels, to the amount of £300,000. In 1690 he took Port 
Boyal. In 1692 he was made Governor under the new charter. During the excite- 
ment about witchcraft at Salem, Sir William's wife was accused of being a witch. Some 
trifling difficulty occasioned his removal in 1695. He died the same year. 

PICKENS, ANDREW. 1739-1817. 
General Pickens was born in South Carolina, and held the rank of Major-General in 
the Revolutionary Army. He died in 1817. 

PIERCE, FRANKLIN. 
Franklin Pierce (fourteenth President of the United States,) is the son of Benjamin 
Pierce, who rose to the rank of Brigadier-Major in the American army during the Revo- 
lutionary War, and held several political offices in the State of New Hampshire. 
President Pierce was born in Hillsborough, N. H., in 1804, and, after completing his aca- 
demical studies, entered Bowdoin College, Maine. He commenced the practice of law, 
but soon entered upon public life as a Representative for his native State. In 1833 he 
was elected to Congress, and, in 1837, to the U. S. Senate, but, after five years, resigned 
his seat, intending to devote himself wholly to his profession. He declined being a 
candidate for Governor of the State, or U. S. Senator, and also the offices of Attorney- 
General and Secretary of State, which were tendered to him by President Polk. On the 
breaking out of the Mexican War, Mr. Pierce enrolled himself as a private in the New 
England regiment, but President Polk sent him a Colonel's commission, and raised him 
to the rank of Brigadier General in March, 1847. His command consisted of 2500 men, 
with whom he landed at Vera Cruz, June, 1847. On the restoration of peace he re- 
turned home, where he remained until called to the Presidency of the United States, 
as the nominee of the Baltimore Democratic Convention. 

PIGOT, SIR ROBERT. 
General Pigot commanded a brigade at Boston in 1774 ; was at Charlestown the day 
after the Battle of Lexington, in 1775; at Bunker Hill, in 1776; succeeded Prescott, on 
his capture by Barton in 1778, in the command at Rhode Island; and was defeated by 
Sullivan the same year. 

PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY. 
General Pike was born in New Jersey. He was engaged in the explorations of the 
sources of the Mississippi River, and of the State of Louisiana, from 1805 to 1807. Pike 
was a Brigadier-General in the War of 1812, and was killed in the attack upon York, 
Upper Canada, in 1813. 

PINCKNEY, CHARLES C. 1746-1825. 
General Pinckney was a native of South Carolina. He was an Aid-de-camp to Gen. 
Washington ; (his brother, Thomas Pinckney, was an Aid-de-camp to Lincoln.) General 
Pinckney was taken prisoner at the capture of Charleston. In 1796 be was appointed 
Minister to France, and, though the Directory refused to receive him, he remained in 
Paris until I'ebruary, 1797, when he was ordered to quit the French territory. When 
a demand was made for a loan, as one of the conditions of a treaty, Pinckney replied — 
" Millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute." In 1800 he was a candidate for 
the Presidency. He died in 1825. 



PITT — PONCE DE LEON. £3 

PITT, WILLIAM. 1708-1778. 
William Pitt (Earl of Chatham,) was one of the most celebrated orators and statesmen 
of modern times. After the disastrous campaigns of 1755 and 1756, in the French and 
Indian War, he was appointed Secretary of State. The restoration to power of the favorite 
•of the people, marked the beginning of a new era of splendid conquests and national glory. 
The arms of England proved successful everywhere. Quebec was conquered ; the French 
were defeated in Africa and in the East; and the shores of Europe witnessed the bravery 
of the British troops by sea and by land. In 1766 Pitt was made Lord of the Privy Seal, 
and presented with an Earldom. He uniformly advocated the cause of the_?7cop/e; opposed 
the passage of the Stamp Act; and earnestly urged the adoption of conciliatory measures 
towards the Colonies. While protestiog, in the House of Lords, against the arbitrary 
measures of the crown, he fell speechless, and expired in a few weeks, in 1778. 

PITT, WILLIAM. 1759-1806. 
William Pitt, a celebrated state.'^man (son of the Earl of Chatham), was born in 1759, 
While in the Hou.se of Commons, he enlisted with the opposition against Lord North and 
the American War. He succeeded Lord Rockingham as Chancellor of the Exchequer, 
and, while holding this position, the American War was concluded, but the terms of the 
treaty being regarded unfavorably by the nation, the ministry was dissolved. At the 
close of 1783, Mr. Pitt was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, and First Lord of 
the Treasury. From this time until his death, his history is the history of civilized 
nations, as his counsels directed or influenced every measure which was carried into 
execution in every corner of the habitable globe, under the dominion of Great Britain. 
He died in 1806. 

PIZARRO, FRANCISCO. 

Francisco Pizarro, a Spaniard, was incited, by the marvellous tales of Cortez, to at- 
tempt the conquest of Peru. After visiting that country several times, he commenced 
his undertaking in 1531. In the following year, he obtained possession of the Inca, 
and reduced the natives to submission. The absolute power which Pizarro assumed, 
gave offence to many of his followers, who revolted, and he was murdered in 1541. 

POCAHONTAS. 
Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, a noted Indian Chief in Virginia, during 
the eai'ly history of tliat colony. She saved the life of Captain John Smith, and after- 
wards rescued the whole colony from destruction, by disclosing a plot of the Indians to 
massacre the English settlers. She married John Rolfe, went to England, and was re- 
ceived with distinction at Court. From her are descended some of the first families iu 
Yirginia. 

POLK, JAMES KNOX. 1795-1849. 

James K. Polk, LL.D., (the eleventh President of the United States.) was born in 
North Carolina in 1795. He removed to Tennessee, where he became a member of the 
bar in IS-iO, and was elected to Congress in 1825. He was chosen Speaker of the House 
during three consecutive terms, and was distinguished for firmness and industry. In 
1844 Mr. Polk was chosen President of the United States. His administration formed 
an important era iu the history of our country. The annexation of Texa.«, the war with 
Mexico, the acquisition of California, and the new and powerful States that will spring 
up on the Pacific coiist, add an increased brilliancy to the nationality of the American 
Union. President Polk's career was dazzling and triumphant, though short. He had 
but sufiicient time, after the close of his term of ofiice, to reach his home in Tennessee 
before he died, in 1849. 

PONCE DE LEON. 

Ponce de Leon, a Spanish adventurer, discovered Florida in 1512, while in search of a 
fountain possessing the power of restoring youth to the aged. 
11. — 6 



gyj PORTER — PUTNAM. 

PORTER, DAYID. 1780-1843, 
Commodore Porter commanded the frigate Essex. In 1812 he captured a number 
of British whaling and trading-vessels, among which was the sloop Alert. The follow- 
ing year, encountering the frigate Phoebe and sloop Cherub, he was compelled to sur- 
render. He afterwards resigned his commission, and joined the Mexican navy. In 
1829, Gen. Jackson appointed him Minister to Constantinople. He died in 1843. 

POWHATAN. 
Powhatan wa.« a famous sachem of the Indians in Virginia, at the period of its colo- 
nization. He was well versed in the policy of the Indians, and was insidious, crafty, 
and cruel. After the marriage of his beloved daughter, Pocahontas, with Mr. Rolfe, 
he remained true to the American cause. Powhatan died in 1618, and was succeeded 
by Opechancanough, an open friend, but a secret foe. 

PREBLE, EDWARD. 
Commodore Preble was sent to the Mediterranean in 1803. He conducted the expe- 
dition with great skill and bravery, and settled the difficulties with the Barbary powers 
on the most favorable terms. He died in 1807. 

PRESCOTT, WILLIAM. 1726-1795. 

Colonel Prescott was born in Groton, Massachusetts. He served with Gen. Winslow 
at the taking of Cape Breton. He had command of a regiment of Minute Men, and, 
when the news of the affair at Lexington reached him, promptly marched thither at 
the head of as many men as he could collect. General Ward appointed him to fortify 
Bunker Hill. In the memorable engagement of June 17th, 1775, he was the chief in 
command, and was greatly distinguished by his bravery and skill. That evening, 
although repulsed, and his troops greatly fatigued and much dispirited, he solicited 
permission, from the Committee of Safety, to make an attempt to retake the peninsula 
of Boston. He served as a volunteer under Gates, until the surrender of Burgoyne in 
1777. He died in Pepperell in 1795. 

William H. Prescott, the eminent historian, is a grandson of Colonel Prescott. He 
married a granddaughter of Captain Linzee, who commanded the sloop-of-war Falcon, 
that cannonaded tlie works on Breed's Hill, June 17th, 1775. 

PULASKI, CASIMIR. 
Count Pulaski was a native of Lithuania, in Poland. He was engaged in the rebel- 
lion against Stanislaus, King of Poland, in 1769, in consequence of which his estates 
were confiscated, and himself outlawed. He came to America in 1777, and, having 
joined the army under Washington, was placed in command of the cavalry, and fought 
at Brandywine and Germantown. In 1778 he was ordered to Little Egg Harbor, New 
Jersey. Pulaski was sent to the South in February, 1779, and was in active service 
trader Lincoln, until the siege of Savannah, in which he was mortally wounded. lie 
was taken to the United States brig Wasp, where he died, October, 1779, and was buried 
on St. Helen's Island, about fifty miles from Savannah. 

PUTNAM, ISRAEL. 1718-1790. 
General Putnam (familiarly known as "Old Put,") was born in Massachusetts in 1718. 
He early distinguished himself by his love of adventui'e, and rendered himself famous 
in Connecticut by his daring encounters with wolves and Indi.ans. He was with Lord 
Howe when he fell at Ticonderoga, in 1758. He was afterwards captured by the Inditins, 
and tied to a tree to be burned, when, just as the flames began to curl around his body, a 
heavy rain extinguished them. Again they were lighted, when a French officer dashed 
into the crowd, and released him. Putnam was active at Bunker Hill, and in the attack 



PUTNAM — RANDOLPH. G5 

on Boston from Dorchester Heights. In May, Putnam commanded at New York while 
Wa^sLiugton was in Philadelpliia conferring with Congress; held the chief command ;it 
the Battle of Long Island; and endeavored to fortify Philadelphia in Deccmher of tha 
same year. In 1777 and 1778, Putnam was stationed on the Hudson River; in 1779, on 
the Hudson and in Connecticut. His last military service was at West Point in 1779. 
He died in 1790. 

PUTNAM, RUFUS. 
General Rufus Putnam was a Revolutionary officer. He settled Marietta, Ohio, in 
17S8. He died in 1824. 



Q. 

QUINCY, JOSIAH. 1743-1775. 
Josiah Quincy, Jun., a distinguished orator, patriot, and lawyer of Boston, Massachu- 
setts, was born in 1743. He early became eminent for his superior talents as a speaker, 
and was extremely popular for his zealous attachment to the cause of liberty. With 
John Adams, Quincy ably defended Captain Preston, who was tried for murder in the 
Boston massacre, and, though the voice of the populace had adjudged him worthy of 
death, he was acquitted. In 1774, Quincy was obliged to go to England to recruit his 
healthj and, on his return in 1775, he died in the harbor of Boston. 



R. 

RALEIGH, SIR W^ALTER. 1552-1618. 
Sir Walter Raleigh, born in Devonshire in 1552, was one of the most remarkable 
men of the Elizabethan period. He was at once the courtier, the soldier, the diploma- 
tist, the explorer, and the man of letters. After having served with much distinction 
on the Continent, he was induced by his step-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, to accom- 
pany him on an expedition to the New World. They sailed in 1579, but the little 
squadron was attacked by the Spaniards, and they returned to England. Raleigh now- 
obtained a patent, and successively sent out three expeditions — in 1584, 1585, and 1587. 
The last one failed for want of supplies, which were not sent in consequence of the 
invasion of England by the Spanish Armada in 1588. Raleigh sold his patent in 1589. 
During Elizabeth's reign, Raleigh received the highest honors she could bestow; but, 
ou the accession of James I., he was accused of high treason on the most frivolous 
charges. He was imprisoned in the Tower, and his estates were bestowed on Carr, the 
royal favorite. During this period of fifteen years he wrote " The History of the World," 
and other works. In 1616 he was appointed commander, with unlimited power, of an 
expedition to the coast of South America. It proved unsuccessful, and the arbitrary 
monarch, on his return in 1618, caused him to be executed on the former sentence. 
Had Raleigh done nothing else for the nation, his introduction of tobacco would, in a 
commercial point of view, have procured him high distinction. He is said to have 
made great improvements in ship-building, and to have introduced potatoes from South 
America into Europe. 

RANDOLPH, EDWARD. 

Edward Randolph was an agent from Great Britain to Massachusetts in 1681, and 
was the principal means of depriving her of her charter. His arbitrary measures led 
to his imprisonment with Andross in 1689. 

RANDOLPH, JOHN. 1773-1833. 
John Randolph was born in Virginia in 1773. He was a very eccentric man, and 
prided himself on being descended from Pocahontas. For nearly thirty years he repre- 



gfj KANDOLPII — RINGGOLD. 

petited liis State in Congress. He was ^Minister to Eussia in 1830, but returned in ill 
health, and died in 1833. Few men in the United States have attracted more attention 
than John Randolph ; whenever he spoke in Congrep.<», every voice was hushed, and the 
hall would be as silent as death. In quickness of perception, accuracy of memory, and 
sharpness of wit, he surpassed most men of his time. Few biographical works afford 
more pleasure to the reader than the life of John Randolph. 

RANDOLPH, PEYTON. 1723-1775. 
Peyton Randolph,of Virginia, was President of the tirst Continental Congress in 1774, 
but, in consequence of indisposition, resigned in a few weeks. In 1775 he was again 
sent to Congress, but died the same year. 

RAWDON, FRANCIS. 1754-1825. 
Lord Rawdon came to America in 1775, and was present at the Battle of Bunker Hill. 
He was at the storming of Forts Montgomery and Cljnton, in 1777; in 1778, was ap- 
pointed Adjutant-General of the forces in America, and was with Clinton at Monmouth. 
He was second in command to Cornwallis at the first battle of Camden, in 1780; and 
commanded, in 1781, at the second battle of Camden. In June of the same year, he 
went to the relief of Crugar, besieged at Ninety-Six by Greene, and arrived on the 21st, 
but Greene had raised the siege on the 19th. Rawdon proceeded to Orangeburg, and 
then to Charleston, where he embarked for England. During the latter part of his 
life he was Governor-General of India. He died in 1825. 

REED, JOSEPH. 1741-1785. 

General Reed was an Aid-de-camp to Washington in 1775. In 1776 he was appointed 
Adjutant-General, and was at Germantown in 1777. He was a member of Congress in 
1778. when commissioners arrived from England. One of them, Johnstone, employed 
Mrs. Ferguson to offer General Reed 10,000 guineas, and the best post under the Govern- 
ment, if he would use his influence to settle the dispute. " I am not worth purchasing," 
said Reed; "but such as I am, the King of Great Britain is not rich enough to buy 
me." He died in 1785. 

REIDESEL, BARON. 

Baron Reidesel was commander of the Hessians under Burgoyne in 1777. He was at 
Ticouderoga, Hubbardton, Benington, and Bemis' Heights. The Baron was accompa- 
nied by his wife and children, and many interesting particvilars of the sufferings of 
Burgoyne's army, during the stay at Saratoga, are given to us in her charming " Letters." 
Though the beautiful mansion of General Schuyler, with his mill, &c., valued at 
$20,000, were burned to the ground by Burgoyne, yet, after the surrender of the army, 
the Baroness, with her children, and many of the oflScers, " were received by the good 
General Schuyler, his wife, and daughters, not as enemies, but kind friends." — (Letters 
and Memoirs relating to the War of American Independence, and the Capture of the 
German Troops at Saratoga: by Madame De Reidesel.) After the surrender, the Baron 
accompanied the troops to Boston on their way to England. When Congress refused to 
allow them to leave the country, and they were sent to Charlottesville, Va., the Baron 
spent more that $500 in garden seeds, that there might be no scarcity of provisions. 

RINGGOLD, SAMUEL. 
Major Ringgold was a grandson of General Cadwalader, of Philadelphia. He was an 
Aid-de-camp to General Scott, and distinguished himself in Florida as Captain of Artil- 
lery. He organized the corps of Flying Artillery, at the head of which he was killed in 
the Battle of Palo Alto, May 8th, 1846. 



RIPLEY— RUGGLES. 6" 

RIPLEY, ELEAZER W. 1782-1839. 
Major-General Ripley was wounded in the attack on York, Upper Canada, in 1813. 
He was actively engaged on the frontier, and dit^tinguished himself at Chippeway and 
at Niagara, where he was severely wounded. He was \a the defence of Eort Erie, 
August 15th, and at the sortie of September 17th. General Ripley received a gold 
medal from Congress at the close of the campaign. He died in 1839. 

RITTENHOUSE, DAVID. 1732-1796. 
David Rittenhouse, LL. D., of Pennsylvania, was an eminent mathematician. TThile 
working at his trade of clock-making, he planned and executed an orrery, superior to 
anything then in use. He published an account of his calculations of the transit of 
Yenus. He afterwards observed that phenomenon, a spectacle never seen but twice 
before, and was so much affected by its proof of the accumcy of his calculations that he 
fainted. He was Treasurer of Pennsylvania, and Director of the Mint. He died in 1796. 

ROCHAMBEAU, COUNT DE. 1725-1807. 
Count De Rochambeau arrived at Newport, Rhode Island, with a large force, in Jul}', 
1780. In September, Rochambeau was at Lebanon, Connecticut, and had his first inter- 
view with Washington; the second, was at Wethersfield, in May, 1781. In July he con- 
ferred with Washington on the Hudson, as to the propriety of attacking New York, and 
loaned the Government $20,000 in specie. He was particularly commended by Wash- 
ington for his gallant conduct at Yorktown. Rochambeau returned to France in 1782, 
and took an active part in the Revolution. He died in 1807. 

ROCKINGHAM, MARQUIS OF. 1730-1782. 
The Marquis of Rockingham (Charles Watson Wentworth,) was born in 1730. On the 
dissolution of the Grenville Ministry, in 1765, he became First Lord of the Treasury, 
i. e., Prime Minister. American affairs formed a leading topic of discussion, and Rock- 
ingham took the middle course of repealing the "Stamp Act," but asserted the right of 
Great Britain to tax the Colonies. The weakness of this ministry yielded, in 1766, to 
the superior energy and wisdom of Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham. In 1768, the 
Duke of Grafton succeeded Pitt, and, in 1770, was succeeded by Lord North. On the 
fall of Lord North, in 1782, the Marquis of Rockingham again took the office, but died 
the same year. He was regarded as possessing very little talent. Ajeu d'espj-it of the 
times runs thus: — 

"Truth to tell, if one may, without shocking 'em, 
The nation's asleep, and the minister — Rockingham!" 

ROGERS, JOHN. 1771-1838. 
Commodore Rogers, born in IMaryland in 1771, received a commission in 1797, and 
was appointed lieutenant on the Constellation, under Com. Truxton. In 1798, having 
captured L'Insurgente, Lieutenant Rogers, with Midshipman Porter, and eleven men, 
were sent on board the prize. A sudden gale separated her from the Constellation. 
On a stormy sea, with a ship much disabled in the spars and rigging, and as many as 
173 Frenchmen unconfined, Lieut. Rogers succeeded in reaching St. Kitts in safety. In 
1805 he succeeded Com. Barron in the Tripolitan War, and, in conjunction with Colonel 
Lear, signed the treaty of peace. He died in 1838. 

RUGGLES, TIMOTHY. 
Timothy Ruggles, a native of Massachusetts, was a Brigadier-General under General 
Amherst. At the time of the Revolution he joined the British, and died in Nova Scotia 
in 1798. 

6* 



68 RUMSEY — SCOTT. 

RUMSEY, JAMES. 
James Rumsey, in 1782, invented a method of stoam-uavisation, and obtained a 
patent for it in 1787. Rvimscy's plan was carried into effect, both in England and 
America, but it did not succeed. 

s. 

ST. CLAIR, ARTHUR. 1734-1818. 
General St. Clair was born at Edinburgh, and came to this country with Admiral 
Boscawen in 175.5. He was appointed Major-Geueral in 1777. A court of inquiry 
acquitted him of the charge of cowardice, in surrendering Ticonderoga to Burgoyne. 
In 1787 be was chosen President of Congress; 1789, Governor of the Northwest Terri- 
tory. In 1791 he suffered a signal defeat at the Miami villages. St. Clair was much 
blamed, and the next year he resigned his commission. He died in 1818. 

SANTA ANNA, ANTONIO LOPEZ DE. 
Santa Anna, horn about 1790, first came into notice in the Revolution in Mexico, in 
1821. In the distracted state of affairs, he was many times invested with supreme 
authority, but as often overthrown by some new revolution. In 1833 he was elected 
President, and, in 1835, proclaimed himself Dictator. The discontented then flocked to 
Texas, which was strongly disaffected, and declared the independence of that State. 
Four hundred Texans, under Fannin, having been made prisoners, Santa Anna ordered 
them to be shot. In 1838 he defended Vera Cruz against the French, in which service 
he lost a leg. After many vicissitudes, he governed, with absolute power, from 1841 to 
1845. He was totally defeated by Gen. Taylor at Buena Tista, and, in April of the same 
year, his army was completely routed by the Americans, under General Scott, at Cerro 
Gordo. A change in the Government compelled Santa Anna to flee from the country, 
first to Jamaica, and then to New Grenada. 

SAYLE, SIR "WILLIAM. 
Sir William Sayle explored the coast of Carolina in 1668. He was sent out in 1670; 
entered the harbor of Port Royal, and settled old Charleston, on the south side of Ashly 
River — then called the Carteret Company Colony. He died in 1671. 

SCHUYLER, PHILIP. 1733-1804. 
General Schuyler was born at Albany in 1733. He was with Sir William Johnson at 
Fort Edward and Lake George, in 1775, and with Lord Howe when he was killed at 
Ticonderoga. In 1775 he was appointed Major-General, with command of the army 
that was to invade Canada, but, in consequence of his sickness, Montgomery took his 
place. For causes quite inexplicable, he was siiperseded by Gates in March, 1777, but 
was re-instated in May. He made the most vigorous defence against Burgoyne, dis- 
puting every inch of the ground ; but, when prudence drove him down the Hiidson to 
tbe mouth of the Mohawk River, calumny became clamorous for his removal, and Con- 
gress appointed Gates in his place. The next year a court of inquiry acquitted him of 
all blame. He was several times in Congress. His daughter married Alexander Ham- 
ilton, and grief for his wife and son-in-law caused his death in 1804. 

SCOTT, WINFIELD. 

General Scott, Commander-in-chief of the American army, was born in Virginia in 

1786. In the attack upon Queenstown, in 1812. he took command after all the superior 

officers were killed or wounded. Scott was taken prisoner, but was soon exchanged. 

He distinguished himself at the attack on York and Fort George, in 1813. In 1814 he 



SHAYS — SMITH SON. 69 

captured Fort Erie, and gained the battles of Chippeway and Lundj^'s Lane. In the 
latter he was severely wounded. On his way to Philadelphia, to take charge oJ the 
defence of that city, he received from Princeton College the degree of Master of Arts; 
and, about the same time, though only twenty-eight years of age, was promoted to the 
highest rank in the army — Major-General. In 1S15 the post of Secretary of War was 
offered to him. He brought Black Hawk's War to a speed}' and successful issue, but 
was deprived of his command soon after the commencement of the Seminole War, in 
1S35. By the death of General Macomb, in 1841, Scott became Commander-in-chief, In 
the Mexican War he commanded the southern branch of the American army. He took 
Vera Cruz, IMarch 27, and commenced his victorious march to the capital. The battles of 
Cerro Gordo. Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and Chapul tepee, were successfully 
fought, and the capture of the city of Mexico, Sept. 14th, 1S47, virtually closed the war. 
In iS52 he was nominated for the Presidency by the Whig Convention at Baltimore, 
but was unsuccessful. In 1855, Congress created the office of Lieutenant-General, and 
President Pierce conferred that honor upon General Scott. 

SIIAYS, DANIEL, 
Daniel Shays was an officer in the Revolution, but is chiefly noted for the i-ebelliou 
that bears his name. [See Note 189, Historical Companion, Part First.] He was par- 
doned, and afterwards received a pension in consideration of his Revolutionary services. 
He died in 1825. 

SHERMAN, ROGER. 1721-1793. 

Roger Sherman, an American statesman, and a signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, was born in Massachusetts in 1721. He began life as a shoemaker, but de- 
voted himself to the study of law, and soon rose to eminence as a practitioner and judge. 
In 1774 he entered Congress, and continued in that body thirteen years. He was a 
member of the Convention that framed the Federal Constitution, and died in 1793. 

SHIRLEY, WILLIAM, 
General Shirley emigrated to Massachusetts in 1733. He was appointed Governor in 
1741, and continued in that office until 1756, when he was succeeded by Abercrombie. 
In 1755 he was entrusted with the expedition against Niagara, but accomplished 
nothing. He died in Massachusetts in 1771. 

SMITH, JOHN. 
Captain John Smith, called "the father of Virginia," was born in England. It was 
through his efTorts, and those of his friend. Bartholomew Gosnold, that the patents of 
North and Soiith Virginia were obtained. Smith accompanied the first expedition in 
1G07, but suffered many persecutions from the jealousy of some of the principal adven- 
turers. Subsequently he Wcis elected Governor, and, by his wise management of the 
Indians, whose friendship be secured, saved the colony from destruction. Smith 
went to England in 1609, to obtain medical aid for a wound received from an explo- 
sion of gunpowder. In 1614 he returned to America, and conducted an expedition to 
Penobscot and Cape Cod. He was taken prisoner by the French, and carried to La Ro- 
chelle, but was soon allowed to return to England. Smith published several works on 
the countries he had visited, and died in poverty in 1631. 

SMITHSON, JAMES. 

James Smithson, the illegitimate son of the Duke of Northumberland, died in 1829, 

bequeathing the bulk of his large property to the United States, " to found at Washing. 

ton, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the Increase 

and Diffusion of Knowledge among Men." [Note 262, Historical Companion, Part First,] 



*IQ SOTO — STIRLING. 

SOTO, FERDINAND DK. 
Ferdinand de Soto, the discoTcrer of the Mississippi River in 1541, -was one of the 
most celebrated adventurers of that exciting period. He obtained, from Charles V., 
permission to conquer Florida at his own cost. Landing at Espiritu Santo Bay, in 1540, 
with a gay and noble company, he set out across the country in search of gold, and, in 
1541, reached the Mississippi, near the mouth of the Red Kiver. Discouraged by the 
difiSculties that met them at every step, his health sunk rapidly, and the discoverer of 
the Mississippi slept beneath its waters. His followers, by means of a raft which they 
constructed, reached Mexico after incredible hardships. 

STANDISH, MILES. 1584-1656. 
Miles Standish, the first captain of the Plymouth settlers, was born in 15S4. He 
exhibited great courage and ingenuity in protecting the colony from the Indians. He 
died in 1656. 

STARK, JOHN. 1728-1822. 

General Stark was born in New Hampshire in 1728. Hearing of the Battle of I-ex- 
ington, he received a Colonel's commission, and that day enlisted 500 men. He fought 
bravely at Bunker Hill, Trenton, and Princeton. He gained deserved celebrity for the 
defeat of the British at Bennington, and joined the army under Gates, with the rank 
of ^lajor-General. Stark served in Rhode Island in 1778 and 1779, and in New Jersey 
in 1780. In 1781 he had command of the northern branch of the army at Saratoga. 
He died in 1822. 

STEUBEN, BARON DE. 

Baron de Steuben (Frederick William Augustus,) was an Aid-de-camp to Frederick 
the Great. After leaving the Prussian army he was loaded with honors by German 
princes. The King of Sardinia and the Emperor endeavored to secure his services. 
His income was $3000 a year; but he left all this, and came to America in 1777, to battle 
for freedom. He succeeded Conway as Inspector-General ; greatly improved the army 
at Valley Forge, and fought at Monmouth. After this battle, part of the army were 
"hutted" at Middlebrook, in the winter of 1778-79. Baron Steuben's head-quarters 
were in the house of Mr. Staats. which is still standing. He was a member of the court 
that tried Major Andre. Steuben accompanied Gen. Greene to the South, October, 1780, 
and was appointed by him to take charge of the defence of Virginia. He made the most 
Ftrenuous exertions to capture Arnold, when the latter invaded Virginia in 1781. The 
B:iron was present at Yorktown, and was President of the Society of the Cincinnati in 
1783. He died in Steubenville, New York, in 1795. 

STEWART, CHARLES. 
Commodore Stewart was born in Philadelphia in 1778. In December, 1812, he com- 
manded the Constellation ; in 1813, the Constitution, in which, in 1815, he captured the 
Cyane and Levant. In 1837 he succeeded Com. Barron in command of the Navy Yard 
at Philadelphia. 

STIRLING, LORD. 1726-1783. 

Lord Stirling (William Alexander,) was born in New York. His father emigrated to 
America in 1716, having been actively engaged in the rebellion in favor of the Pre- 
tender, James Francis. Alexander was Secretary to General Shirley in 1756. By the 
advice of some friends, he instituted legal proceedings to obtain the title of Earl of 
Stirling, to which his father was heir presumptive when he left Scotland. Though he 
did not obtain a legal recognition, yet his right was generally conceded, and, from that 
time, he was usually addressed as Lord Stirling. He was taken prisoner at the Battle 
ot Long Island, in 1776, but was exchanged in a month afterwards for Gov. Brown of 
Providence, Rhode Island. Lord Stirling fought at Trenton, Brandywine, Germantown, 
and Monmouth. He died in 1783. 



STUYVESANT — TALLEYRAND. "yl 

Lossing gives the following curious item of information : " I have before me an old 
manuscript schedule of Lord Stirling's wardrobe, in which the material and color of 
each article is given — thirty-one coats, fifty-eight vests, forty-three pairs of breeches, 
six powdering-gowns, two pairs of trowi^ers, thirty Phirts, seventeen handkerchiefs, 
twenty-seven stocks, twenty-seven cravats, eight razor-cloths, one hundred and nineteen 
pairs of hose, six pairs of socks, fifteen night-caps, five pairs of drawers, two pairs of 
gloves, fovirteen pairs of shoes, four pairs of boots ; total, 412 garments." 

STUYVESANT, PETER. 

Peter Stuyvesant, the last Dutch Governor of New York, was appointed in 1G47. In 
1664: he was compelled to surrender the territory of New Netherlands to the English, 
but continued to reside there until his death. 

SULLIVAN, JOHN. 1740-1795. 
General Sullivan was born in Maine in 1740. He was appointed Brigadier-General in 
1775, and Major-General in 1776. He succeeded General Thomas (who had succeeded 
Montgomery) in command of the army in Canada, May, 1776; and General Greene, at 
Long Island, August, 1776, where he was taken prisoner. Having been exchanged, he 
fought atAVhite Plains, and was appointed in place of General Lee, who was captured iu 
December, 1776. Gen. Sullivan then joined Washington, and fought at Trenton. In 
the summer of 1777 he commanded an expedition to Staten Island, and fought at 
Brandy wine and German town. In 1778 he took command at Rhode Island; was 
besieged at Newport in August; and retreated from the State after the battle in the 
northern part of the island. Accompanied by Gen. James Clinton, he conducted the 
expedition against the Indians of the Genesee Valley, and entirely defeated them in the 
Battle of the Chemung. This was his last military engagement, as he resigned his 
commission soon after. From 1786 to 1789, General Sullivan was Governor of New 
Hampshire. He died in 1795. 

SUMPTER, THOMAS. 17b'4-1832. 
Colonel Sumpter was one of the South Carolina patriots, and one of the earliest in 
the field. Of his early Jife and habits but little is known. In March, 1776, he was 
appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of a regiment of riflemen. After the fall of Charleston, 
in 1780, when a partisan warfare was carried on, Sumpter began to display those powers 
which made him so renowned. His defeat of Colonel Irwin at Hanging Rock gave 
him great eclat. He was defeated by Tarleton at Fishing Creek, on the Catawba, just 
after the important battle of Camden. With a few survivors and other volunteers, 
Sumpter ranged the western bank of the Broad River, and, Nov. 12th, defeated Colonel 
Wemyss who had attacked his camp. Nov. 20th, he defeated Colonel Tarleton at Black- 
stocks. Sumpter was wounded, but was able to take the field early in February, 1781, 
This ended Sumpter's operations north of the Saluda, and west of the Broad River. 
May, 1781, he took possession of Orangeburg, and, until ill-health compelled him to 
remain inactive, rendered efficient service — harassing the British, driving them from 
their outposts, cutting off supplies, and intercepting detachments, Sumpter was 
usually stylud the " Carolina Game-Cock." He died in 1832, 



T. 

TALLEYRAND, PERIGORD CHARI-ES M, 1754-1838, 
Prince Talleyrand, a noted French diplomatist and politician, was born in Paris, in 
1754. Educated for the Church, he represented the clergy of his diocese in the States- 
General in 1789. He was sent to England, in 1792, on a secret mission. Mr. Pitt 
received him favorably, but subsequently ordered him to leave the country within 



V2 TARLETON — TERNAY. 

twonty-four hours. He returned to France, and, having narrowly escaped fissai=Fination, 
left for the United States, where he remained until 1796. On his return he was 
appointed Prime Minister, and supported, with the most imperturbable sangfroid, the 
attacks made upon him by all parties. It was at this time that the "X. Y. Z. Letters," 
imputed to Talleyrand, were received by the Envoys frcm the United States. When 
Napoleon became First Consul, Talleyrand was continued as Prime Minister, and, from 
this time until 1835, this remarkable man exercised the most important influence in 
public affairs. Calm and unmoved amid all the revolutions of government, he seemed 
to guide the vessel of State, in the most violent storm, with as much ease as if all 
around was fair and prosperous. Talleyrand possessed the genius of politics, and was 
the master of ceremonies to the various revolutions France has undergone. He died 
in 1838. 

TARLETON, BARRASTRE. 
Colonel Tarleton was the son of a merchant in Liverpool. He took a commission in 
a regiment raised for the British service in America, and was soon promoted to the rank 
of Colonel. As a partizan leader, he was noted for his intrepidity. In 1780 he defeated 
Buford at Waxhaw, and Sumpter at Fishing Creek, but was defeated by Sumpter at 
Blackstocks, on the Tiger River. In 1781 he was defeated by Morgan at the Battle 
of Cowpens. Tarleton afterwards held a seat in Parliament; w^as appointed Governor 
of Berwick ; and honored with the title of Knight-Commander of the Bath. 

TAYLOR, ZACHARY. 1784-1850. 
General Zachary Taylor (twelfth President of the United States, 1849-50,) was born 
in Orange County, Va., in 1784, and was less than a year old when his father emi- 
grated to the wilds of Kentucky. Zachary Taylor commanded a fort on the Wabash 
River in 1812. He became a General in the subsequent Indian wars in Florida, but 
obtained his great popularity in the Mexican War. On the annexation of Texas, in 
1845, Gen. Taylor was ordered to Corpus Christi. at the mouth of the Nueces River, to 
defend Texas against an invasion by Mexico. In March, 1846, at the head of the Army 
of Occupation, he removed to Point Isabel, passed up the Rio Grande, and built Fort 
Brown, opposite Matamoras. May 1st, he went to Point Isabel. On his return. May 8th> 
he fought the Battle of Palo Alto, and Resaca de la Palma, May 9th. He then bom- 
barded Matamoras, crossed the river, and took the town, May 18th, where he remained 
■until August, awaiting re-inforcements. In September he took 3Ionterey, defended by 
Ampudia; and, in February, 1847, defeated Santa Anna at Buena Yista. Having com- 
pleted the conquest of that section of Mexico, a large portion of the troops were trans- 
ferred to General Scott, and General Taylor was recalled. He was elected President, as 
the nominee of the Whig Convention, in 1848. He was distinguished, during the cam- 
paign, by the sobriquet of " Rough and Ready." Gen. Taylor died July 9th, 1860. 

TECUMSEH. 

Tecumseh, a noted Chief of the North-west Indians, was born in Ohio, about 1770. 
His favorite plan was the union of all the Western Indians against the whites, but the 
Battle of Tippecanoe, in which Harrison defeated his brother, the Prophet, completely 
destroyed his ambitious hopes. In the War of 1812 he held the rank of Brigadier- 
General under the British. He was killed by Col. R. M. Johnson at the Battle of the 
Thames, in 1813. 

TERNAY, CHEVALIER DE. 

Chevalier de Ternay, Admiral of the French fleet, arrived in the United States, July, 
1780, with the troops sent by Louis XVI., under the command of Count Rochambean. 
De Ternay had sailed to the relief of Charleston, when besieged in May, but hearing 
of the surrender of Lincoln, he abandoned tlie enterprise. He remained at Newport 



TOMPKINS— VANE. 73 

almost in a state of blockade, as De Guiehen failed to join him •with another squadron, 
as had been arranged. De Ternay died in the springof 1781, and was buried at Newport. 

TOMPKINS, DANIEL D. 1774-1825. 
Daniel D. Tompkins, born in Westchester County, N. Y., in 1774, held mariy import- 
ant State oiBces, among which was that of Governor, from 1807 until 1817, when he 
■was elected Vice-President with James Monroe. He died in 1825, at Staten Island, N. J. 

TRUXTON, THOMAS. 1755-1822. 
Commodore Truxton was distinguished, during the Revolutionary "War, for his depre- 
dations on British commerce. In 1799, during the war with France, he rgjjtured 
L'Insurgente. and, in the following year, La Vengeance. He died in Philadelphia in 

1822. 

TYLER, JOHN. 

John Tyler (the tenth President of the United States.) was born in Charles County, 
Virginia, in 1790. He commenced his political career at the early age of twenty-one. 
In 1826 he was Governor of his native State, but, in a year and a half, was elected to 
the U. S. Senate. Having voluntarily resigned his seat, he did not again appear in 
public life until 1840, when he was elected Vice-President, and, a month after, became 
President, by the death of Harrison. His policy, while in office, was by no means that 
of his party; his measures, especially the veto of the U.S. Bank bill, gave great offence 
to his constituents. His term of oflSce expired in 1845, since which time he has lived 
in retirement in Virginia. 

TWIGGS, LEVI. 1793-1847. 

Major Twiggs, the son of a Revolutionary oflicer, was born in Georgia, in 1793. He 
distinguished himself in the War of 1812. Having engaged in the Mexican War as a 
volunteer, he joined General Pierce's brigade, and, in General Quitman's division, was 
killed while leading on his command to the storming of Chapultepec, September, 1847. 



U. 
UPSHUR, ABEL P. 1790-1844 
Abel P. Upshur, born in Virginia in 1790, was Secretary of State under President 
Tyler. In 1844, the President and Mr. Upshur visited the U.S. vessel Princeton, in the 
Potomac River, to witness the trial of a monster gun — the Peacemaker. On the third 
discharge the gun exploded, killing Mr. Upshur, Mr. Gilmer (Secretary of the Navy), 
Commodore Keunon, and several others. 



V. 
VAN BUREN, MARTIN. 
Martin Van Buren (eighth President of the United States,) wa3 born at Kinderhook, 
New York, on the banks of the Hudson River, in 1782. His father's circumstances were 
humble, arid the son was able to obtain only a common-school education. In 1812 he 
was elected State Senator; 1821 and 1827, U.S. Senator; and, in 1829, Governor of New 
York. This office he soon resigned to accept that of Secretary of State, offered to him 
by General Jackson. He was elected Vice-President in Jackson's second Administration, 
and President in 1837. Since the dose of his Presidential term, he has lived in retire- 
ment at Kinderhook, on a place called Lindenwald. 

VANE, SIR HARRY. 
Sir Ilo.rry Vane, a celebrated republican and religious statesman, came to Massachu- 
setts in 1635, and was apiiointed Governor. On his return to England he took an active 



74 VAN RENSSELAER — WALDRON. 

part against roj'alty, but, during the Commonwealth, he opposed Cromwell and tlie 
power assumed by the army. After the Restoration he was condemned for treason, 
and was beheaded in 1662. 

VAN RENSSELAER, STEPHEN. 1764-1839. 
General Van Rensselaer commanded on the northern frontier during the War of 
1812. He was distinguished for his wealth, his muniticent charities, and his exemplary 
Christian virtues. The title of Patroon, derived from the civil law and the institutions 
of Rome, belonged exclusively to the proprietors of large estates, occupied by tenantry. 
General Van Rensselaer was the fifth in the direct line of descent from Kilian Van 
Rensselaer, the Patroon of Rensselaerwyck, a territory forty-eight miles long, and 
twenty-one broad, located and surveyed by himself in 1637. Previous to the Revolution 
the Patroons were baronial proprietors. Gen. Van Rensselaer died at Albany in 1839. 

VAN WART, ISAAC. 
Isaac Van Wart, known in American history as one of the captors of Major Andr6, 
was a farmer in New York. On the day of the capture, he, with John Paulding and 
David Williams, was watching the road, to prevent persons driving cattle to the city 
of New York, and to arrest any suspicious characters who might pass that way. Not- 
withstanding the large bribes otfered by Andre, they nobly disdained to sacrifice their 
country for gold. A monument has been erected to the memory of the patriot at 
Newburgh, New York, where he died in 1828. 



w. 

WALDO, DANIEL. 
Rev. Daniel Waldo, an American Congregational clergyman, was born in 1762. He 
has been a preacher for more than seventy years. He was taken prisoner during the 
Revolution, and, with several hundred others, was confined in the far-famed and fatal 
Sugar-house in New York, where he endured sufferings and cruelties from which he 
barely escaped with his life. He was intimately acquainted with Washington, and 
retains a vivid recollection of the events and scenes of the Revolution. Mr. Waldo 
appears to be as vigorous in mind and body as most men are at thirty. He regularly 
performs his ministerial duties, never using an old sermon, but preparing a new one 
on each occasion. He is well read in the literature of the times. IMr. Waldo walks 
daily from his residence at Geddes, N. Y., to Syracuse, and back, a distance of four 
miles. To have been a Chaplain in our Revolutionary War, and then, seventy or eighty 
years subsequently, a Chaplain in our National Congress, retaining unimpaired his 
mental and physical vigor, is a fact probably without a paralleL 

WALDRON, RICHARD. 

Major Waldron emigrated to America in 1635. For a long time he was stationed at 
Pemaquid, in Maine, where he formed a treaty of peace with the Wampanoags. During 
King Philip's War, which broke out in 1675, four hundred Indian warriors came down 
to Pemaquid on a friendly visit, and Major Waldron, in order to weaken the force of 
the northern tribes, conceived the horrible project of seizing these men by stratagem, 
in express violation of the treaty of peace. The plan was entirely successful. The 
Indians, repoising the utmost confidence in the friendly professions of the whites, were 
unsuspicious of evil, and fell an easy prey. The majority were massacred; some were 
taken to Boston, and hung for treasmi; and the remainder sold to a still worse fate — 
slaiiery. None returned to tell how the white man keejis a treaty. The power of the 
Indians was completely broken, and it getmod u.s if, fur once, wrong was to go unpun- 



WARD — WASIIIXGTON. "jk 

Sshed. Thirteen years after, the retribution came. Major Waldron had remored to 
Dover, and the broken treaty was forgotten by the whites. By a well-arranged and 
well-executed plan, the Indians obtained access to Major Waldron's house. They seized 
the old man, laid him on a table, and one after another of the relatives of the mur- 
dered warriors of Pemaquid inflicted a horrible gash on him, saying, '"Thus I cross out 
my account." Other Indians enacted similar scenes throughout Dover; the town was 
destroyed ; and the inhabitants murdered, except a few who were reserved for the still 
more p.ainful fate of Indian slavery. 

WARD, ARTEMAS. 1727-1800. 
General Ward, having considerable military knowledge, was appointed to command 
the army that assembled around Boston in 1775, which position he held until Wash- 
ington was made Commander-in-chief. Congress appointed him first of the four Major- 
Generals under Washington. He entered Boston on its evacuation by the British in 
1776. A month afterwards he resigned his commission. He died at Shrewsbury, Mass., 
in 1800. 

WARNER, SETH. 1745-1785. 

Colonel Seth Warner was born in Connecticut about 1745, and removed to Benning- 
ton, Vermont, where he was noted for his skill in hunting. He and Ethan Allen were 
the leaders of the people of the New Hampshire Grants, in their controversy with New 
York, and, in 1774, Ihe Legislature of New York passed an act of outlawry against 
them. Warner took Crown Point on the 12th of May, 1775; received a Colonel's com- 
mission ; and joined Montgomery in Canada. He covered the retreat of the Americans 
from Canada to Ticonderoga; was with the troops who evacuated that post in 1777; and 
commanded the rear-guard that fought a severe battle at Hubbardton. He brought 
up a re-inforcemont at Bennington, in the latter part of the day, and, having defeated 
Breyman, joined Gates at Stillwater. Warner died at Woodbury in 1785. 

WARREN, JOSEPH. 1740-1775. 
Dr. Joseph Warren, on the commencement of hostilities, was appointed Major-General 
of the forces in Massachusetts. He was killed at Bunker Hill, in 1775. 

WARREN, SIR PETER. 
Sir Peter Warren, Vice-Admiral of the Red, won his laurels by the capture of Louifl- 
burg in 1745, and by the total defeat of the French fleet sent to recover it in 1747. 

WASHINGTON, GEORGE. 1732-1799. 

George Washington, Commander-in-chief of the Revolutionary army, and first Presi- 
dent of the United States, was born in Virginia, Feb. 22d, 1732. He became Adjutant- 
General in 1751, and was sent on an expedition against the French posts on the Ohio 
River in 1753. He was obliged to capitulate to the French at Fort Necessity in 1754; 
in 1755, was with Braddock in his defeat; and, in 1758, was with the expedition that 
took Fort Du Quesne. lie was chosen a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 
1768, and of the Continental Congress in 1774. He was appointed Commander-in-chief 
of the American army in 1775, and took post at Cambridge. 

1776.— Washington fortified Dorchester Heigh ts, and compelled the British to evacuate 
Boston. April 4th, he went to New York and fortified the city, but was defeated at Long 
Island, Aug. 27, and compelled to evacuate. Sept. ICth, the American army encamped on ■ 
Harlem Heights. Oct. 28th, the main army was at White Plains, and, in November, at 
Hackensack. Thence he retreated across New Jersey before Cornwallis, and, Dec. 8th 
crossed the Delaware River at Trenton; re-crossed, and defeated the British at Trenton 
Dec. 26th, when he returned to Pennsylvania. 

1777.— Jan. 3d, Washington having crossed the Delaware, defeated the British at 
II. — 7 



•J6 WASHINGTON. 

Princeton, after which he retired to winter-quarters at Morristown, which he left in 
May for Middlebrook, where he remained until July, when, learning that the British 
force had sailed from New York, he marched towards Philadelphia. Sept. 11th, he was 
defeated at Brandy wine ; retreated through Philadelphia toGermantown,and thence to 
Skippack Creek, while the British took possession of Philadelphia and Germantown. 
Oct. 4th, Washington made an unsuccessful attack on the British at Germantown; he 
then went to White Marsh, from which place he went into winter-quarters at Valley 
Forge. 

1778.— Washington remained at Valley Forge until June, when, the British having 
evacuated Philadelphia, he pursued and defeated them at Monmouth, June 28th. The 
British went to New York, and Washington to White Plains. In December the Ameri- 
can army went into winter-quarters in Connecticut, at West Point, and Middlebrook. 

1779.— Arnold was sentenced to be reprimanded by the Commander-in-chief. At the 
close of the year the troops went into winter-quarters: one division, under Gen. Heath 
on the North River, and the other, under Gen. Washington, at Morristown. 

1780.— Knyphausen marched towards Springfield, New Jersey, and Washington put 
his army in motion to meet him. June 18th, leaving Greene to defend Springfield 
Washington returned to Morristown. Sept. 21st, he had a personal interview at°Hart^ 
ford with Rochambeau and the Chevalier De Ternay, to arrange a decisive plan of ope- 
ration. During Washington's absence on this business, Arnold undertook to execute 
his plan of betraying West Point into the hands of the British. In December the troops 
went into winter-quarters near Morristown. Pompton, and Albany. 

1781.— Washington had an interview with Rochambeau, in which it was determined 
to unite the troops of France, under De Barras and De Grasse, with those of America 
on the Hudson. In August, Wai^hington, having determined on operations in Virginia, 
marched two regiments towards New York, so as to give the impression that an altack 
on that city was intended ; set out for Virginia, and reached Williamsburg, Sept. 14th, 
The siege of Yorktown was immediately commenced, and Cornwallis compelled to sur- 
render, Oct. 19th. Washington returned to Philadelphia, where he remained by request 
of Congress, to await further movements on the part of the British, and to aid the con- 
sultations of a committee appointed to improve the army. 

The Americans being too weak to attack the posts held by the British, the year 1782 
passed without any military movements of any importance between the armies, under 
the immediate direction of the Commander-in-chief Washington remained with the 
army until the principal part of the British troops bad left the country, and, Dec. 23d 
1783, resigned his commission as Commander-in-chief to Congress, then sitting at Anna- 
polis, Md. The life of Washington is so well known that but few other events need be 
named. In 1759 he married Mrs. Custis. In 1783 he rejected, with indignation and sor- 
row, the offer of supreme authority and a crown, made to him by Nicola. Through his 
whole career he was the warm friend of the soldiers, both ofiicers and privates, and an 
earnest advocate for such a provision for their support as should, in some degree, repay 
them for their unparalleled sufferings. Until the adoption of the Constitution, in 1788 
Washington was continually exerting his influence and talents to promote plans of 
present and prospective good, and to harmonize and unite, in one powerful nation 
those discordant elements which threatened to render abortive all the labor of the past 
eight years. In 1789 he was inaugurated President, and, as a statesman, maintained 
that high reputation which he had gained as a General. In 1792 he was re-elected 
President. Having declined a third election, and thus established a precedent which 
has always been followed, he retired to the privacy of Mt. Vernon in 1797, at which place 
he died. December 14th, 1799. 

Washington was not without his calumniators and persecutors. A systematic and 
extensive plan to displace him from his position as Commander-in-chief was made by 
Generals Conway and Mifflin, and several others. This transaction is known in history 



WASHINGTON — WAYNE. 77 

as tbe "Conway Cabal." Another and still more nefarious attempt to injure him, and 
the cause of freedom, was that of publishing letters purporting to be from " Washington 
to some of his Fi-iends," in 1776, expressing sentiments totally at Tariance with his 
conduct and avowed opinions. Much wisdom, moderation, and forbearance, were exhi- 
bited by Washington in the manner in which he treated these attacks. In nothing is 
his true greatness more fully displayed, than in his total disregard of the persuasions 
of friends and the clamors of his enemies, to lead him to adopt measures which, though 
they might make him popular, were fraught with peril to the little army and the 
cause of freedom. He gave to every argument, whether presented by friend or foe, its 
due weight; and then adopted that course which, in the exercise of a wise judgment, 
Beemed best, awaiting the calm and dispassionate decision of posterity to pronounce 
the verdict oa his actions, 

WASHINGTON, WILLIAM AUGUSTINE. 1752-1810. 
Colonel Washington, the son of Baily Washington, of StaflFord County, Yirginia, was 
born in 1752. He was in the Battle of Brooklyn ; fought at Trenton ; and was with his 
beloved General, Mercer, when he fell at Princeton. He was with Col. Baylor when, 
attacked by General Grey at Tappan in 1778. The next year he joined the army under 
Lincoln, and fought bravely with IMorgan at the Cowpens He was with Greene in his 
retreat; fought at Guilford Court-House, Ilobkirk's Hill, and at Eutaw, where he was 
made prisoner, and remained a captive until the close of the war. Colonel Washington 
died in 1810. At the Battle of Cowpens, Tarleton was wounded by Col. Washington. 
Tarlcton afterwards, referring to Washington, spoke of him as "an illiterate fellow.'» 
'■^ Ah ! Colonel," said a lady present, " you ought to know better, for you bear on your 
person, proof that he knows very well how to make his marlc ! " 

WAYNE, ANTHONY. 1745-1796. 
Major-General Wayne was born near the Paoli tavern, Pa., in 1745. He received a 
mathematical education, and commenced business as a surveyor. In 1776 he entered 
the army as a Colonel, and accompanied Gen. Thomas to Canada. In 1776 he was pro- 
moted to the rank of Brigadier-General. He was one of the committee who recom- 
mended the mode by which the Hudson River was to be obstructed. At the Battle of 
Brandywine, in 1777, he maintained his position for a considerable time, when assailed 
by nearly half the British army. The Battle of Brandywine occurred Sept. 11th; the 
army retreated first to Philadelphia, and then to German town; afterwards, Washington 
crossed the Schuylkill, and ordered Gen. Wayne, with 1500 men, to annoy the enemy's 
rear, and to attempt to cut off the baggage-train. Sept. 20th, he encamped near the 
Paoli tavern. The treachery of some Tories informed Howe of their place of rendezvous, 
and Gen. Grey (the subsequent murderer at Tappan, and plunderer on the New England 
coasts,) was ordered to surprise them. Wayne had guarded against surprise by order- 
ing his men to sleep on their arms, but, unfortunately, he paraded his men in the light 
of their own fires. One hundred and fifty Americans were murdered in the onslaught, 
Fome of whom, it is said, were butchered while crying for " quarter." Wayne was with 
Washington at Yalley Forge and Monmouth. When the attack on Stony Point was 
planned, such were the difficulties that even Washington hesitated. But Wayne was 
not easily deterred by obstacles — and tradition avers that, while conversing on the 
Bubject, Wayne exclaimed: "General, I'll storm hell, if you will plan it." Admission 
to the fort was obtained in the following manner : Pompey was a shrewd negro; soon 
after the enemy took possession of the point, he ventured to go to the fort with straw- 
berries to sell. He was kindly received, and soon carried on an extensive traflRc with 
the garrison — being quite a favorite with the officers, who had no suspicion that lie 
regularly reported every thing to his Whig master. Finally, Pompey iuformed them 



•78 WEBSTER — WHEELWRIGHT. 

that he was fo busy he could only come at night. Unvrilling to lose their supply of 
luxuries, the officers regularly gave Pompey the countersign, which, on the night of 
the attack, was "The fort's our own," and this was the watchword of the Americans 
■when they scaled the ramparts. In 1781, Wayne co-operated with Lafayette in Vir- 
ginia. In 1794 he gained a great victory over the Minmi Indians, and concluded a 
treaty with them in 1795. On his return from the West he was taken ill, and died in 
a hut at Presque Isle, in 1796. His remains were removed to Eadnor Church-yard, 
Delaware County, Pennsylvania. 

WEBSTER, DANIEL. 1782-1852. 
Daniel Webster, born in Salisbury, New Hampshire, January 18th, 1782, was the 
eeoond son of Colonel Ebenezer Webster, a Revolutionary officer. He graduated at 
Dartmouth College in ISOl, and commenced the practice of law. In 1812 he was a rep- 
resentative to Congress, and, from 1822 until his death, wa.s seldom out of public office. 
With Ashburton, he was commissioner to settle the Maine boundary question, in 1842. 
lie was twice Secretary of State : in 1841 with President Tyler, and in 1850 with Presi- 
dent Fillmore. He died at Marshfield, October 24th, 1852. 

WESLEY, JOHN. 1703-1791. 
John Wesley, the great founder of the Arminian branch of Methodists, was bom at 
Epworth, Lincolnshire, in 1703. When a child, his father's house was set on fire, and 
he was rescued from the burning building with the utmost difficulty. WTiile a student 
of Christ Church, Oxford, he became a member of a private society, consisting of a few 
young men of congenial sentiments, who attracted great notice by the fervor of their 
piety and their religious zeal. In October, 1735, John Wesley, accompanied by his 
brother Charles, and several of their Oxford associates, embarked for Georgia. He 
remained but a short time, and returned to England. In 1738 he went to Germany, 
and, on his return, commenced those systematic labors which made him the founder 
of the great religious body of Methodists. Whitfield and Wesley were much divided on 
doctrinal points: the former being a Calvinist, and the latter an Arminian. Wesley 
never separated from the Church of England. He performed almost incredible labors 
until within a week of his death, which occurred in March, 1791. 

WEST, BENJAMIN. 1738-1820. 
Benjamin West, an eminent painter, was born in 1738, at Springfield, near Philadel- 
phia, of Quaker parentage. At the age of seven years he began to manifest his artistic 
talents by sketching, with pen and ink, an infant sleeping in a cradle. Improving as 
he advanced in years, he became a portrait painter of considerable repute, and produced 
some highly creditable historical pictures. After visiting Italy he settled in England. 
Among his patrons was Archbishop Drummond of York, by whom he was introduced 
to George III., who immediately employed him to paint the " Death of Regulus." lu 
1791 he was chosen President of the Royal Academy. Among his last, and perhaps his 
best, works, are "Death on the Pale Horse," and "Christ Healing the Sick." Both of 
these paintings are in Philadelphia. West died in 1820. 

WHEELWRIGHT, JOHN. 1594-1679. 
Rev. John Wheelwright emigrated from England to Massachusetts, to escape the 
oppressive exactions of the Established Church. In 1636, having preached a sermon 
condemnatory of the course pursued towards his sister-in-law, Mrs. Hutchinson, he was 
convicted of treason, and banished, November, 1637. Accordingly he left Boston, and 
settled Exeter, New Hampshire. During the Protectorate he resided in England, but, 
at the Restoration, returned to America, and settled at Salisbury, where he died in 1679. 



WHITFIELD— WILLIAM III. f9 

WHITFIELD, GEORGE. 1714-1770. 
George Whitfield, founder of the Cahinistic Methodists, was born at Gloucester, Eng- 
land, in 1714. Ills father, a tavern-keeper, died while he was but a child, and the pious 
instruction and example of his mother had a powerful influence in imbuing his mind 
with strong religious impressions. At Pembroke College he joined a private society, 
composed of a few young men, noted for the fervor of their piety and great religious 
zeal. He soon became distinguished for personal piety, and received ordination in the 
Episcopal Church, in 1736. He early acquired the most wonderful popularity ; persons 
of all ranks and conditions flocked to hear him, and his converts were numbered by 
thousands. In 1738 he came to America, but, after laboring some time in conjunction 
with the brothers Wesley, he became involved in a .«erious dispute, which soon produced 
a separation. For many years he was chaplain to Lady Huntingdon. He died in 1770, 
while on a visit to his churches in America. 

WHITNEY, ELI. 1765-1825. 
Eli Whitney, the celebrated inventor of the cotton-gin, was born at Westborough, 
Massachusetts, in 1765. While pursuing the study of law, in Georgia, he resided with 
the widow of General Greene, at which time he invented the cotton-gin, a machine for 
separating the seed from the cotton. This invention has been of incalculable advantage 
to the planters. What was previously accomplished at an immense sacrifice of time 
and labor, is now performed almost instantaneously. In many respects, Whitney's 
invention has been more advantageous to the South than Fitch's application of steam 
to navigation. He siiflered much in defending his right, and died in 1825. 

WILKINSON, JAMES. 1757-1825. 
General Wilkinson was an ofiicer in the American Revolution. In 1776 he was a 
captain in a regiment which went to Canada. After the surrender of Burgoyne he was 
the bearer of dispatches to Congress, and received the commission of Brigadier-General. 
He served on the northern frontier in the War of 1812. 

WILLIAM III. 1650-1702. 
William III., King of England (Stadtholder of Holland, and Prince of Orange), was 
the son of William II., Stadtholder of Holland, and Mary Henrietta, daughter of Charles 
I. of England. His father died when he was only a week old, and the aristocratic re- 
publicans, among the Dutch, took this opportunity to ciirtail the power of the House 
of Orange, and prevent the oflSces of Stadtholder and Captain-General being conferred 
on the young Prince. Surrounded by spies of a jealous and suspicious Government 
who watched every action and word, William early acquired the reserved manners and 
the habits of secresy and self-reliance that marked his whole life. In 1672, when Hol- 
land was invaded by Louis XIV., the people rose against the De Witts, and the other 
aristocratic chiefs of the commonwealth, and conferred on William the title of Captain- 
General. He made a noble defence against the French, and, when Louis off'ered to 
make him king, and pointed out the immense power of the invading army, William 
answered : " I can die in the last ditch." The Treaty of Nimeguen, in 1C78, left Hol- 
land free and independent, after a war in which William had won the admiration of 
Europe as a statesman and general. In the same year he married Mary, eldest 
daughter of .Tames If. of England, and Anne Hyde. The great contest that was then 
going on in England, between the oppressive policy of the Stuarts, and the progress of 
the liberal principles of the age, was deeply interesting to William. He considered 
himself the champion of Protestantism, and, when the people of England compelled 
James to abdicate, William was invited to occupy the throne. (See Cause of King Wil- 
liam's War, Historical Companion, Part First.) He and Mary were crowned joint bovo- 
7* 



80 WILLIAM IV.^WINTHROP. 

reigns of England, April 11th, 16S9. The war was ended in 1697, hy the Treaty of Rys- 
wick. William was making new preparations to curb the ambition of Louis, when an 
accident caused his death, March ICth, 1702. William was renowned as a politician, 
though he was never popular; and was regarded as a formidable general, though he 
was seldom victorious. He had no children. 

Important £rm<s.— Establishment of Greenwich Hospital for disabled seamen; com- 
mencement of the National Debt; and the passageof a bill settling the crown, on failure 
of the direct line, on the Electress Sophia, and her Protestant descendants. 

WILLIAM IV. 1765-1837. 
William IV., King of England, the third son of George III., was born in 1765. Before 
his accession he was known as William Henry, Duke of Clarence. At fourteen years 
of age he entered the British navy as midshipman, and, passing through the various 
ranks with great credit, was made Rear-Admiral of the Blue, in 1790. He succeeded his 
brother, George IV., in June, 1830. The Wellington administration was followed by 
that of Earl Grey. The "Reform Bill" was passed in 1832, and slavery in the West 
Indies was abolished in 1834. William married the Princess Adelaide Louisa Theresa 
Caroline Amelia, daughter of Saxe-Coburg Meinigen, who bore him two daughters, both 
of whom died in infancy. William died in 1837. 

WILLIAMS, ROGER. 1598-1683. 
Roger Williams was born in Wales in 1598. He took orders in the Church of Eng- 
land, but, having adopted Puritan sentiments, he was compelled to emigrate to America 
in 1631, and became pastor of the church at Salem, Massachusetts. Ilis views were too 
liberal for the Puritans of that bigoted period, and, having preached openly against the 
common practice of holding lands from the king, instead of purchasing from tire natives, 
and against the interference of magistrates in religious matters, he was, in 1C35, ban- 
ished from the colony, and, in 1636, took refuge among the Narragansetts, and settled 
Providence, Rhode Island. Subsequently, the Narragansetts having leagued with the 
Pequods against the Puritans, Williams forgot all his wrongs, warned the colony of the 
impending danger, accepted the dangerous ofiSce of mediator, and succeeded not only in 
dissolving the alliance between the two tribes, but in concluding a treaty between the 
Narragansetts and English. He died at Providence in 1683. 

WINSLOW, EDWARD. 
Edward Winslow was one of the Pilgrims to Massachusetts in 1620. He was after- 
wards Governor of Plymouth, and particularly instrumental in its preservation. His 
marriage was the first that was celebrated in New England. He died in 1655, 

WINSLOW, JOHN. 
John Winslow, (a descendant of Edward Winslow, one of the first settlers of Ply- 
mouth,) obtained a high military reputation as Major-General of the British army, in 
the French and Indian War. He took Acadia in 1655, and died in 1680. 

WINSLOW, JOSIAH. 
Josiah Winslow was a son of Edward Winslow, the distinguished Governor of Ply- 
mouth Colony. He died in 1680. 

WINTIIROP, JOHN. 1587-1649. 
John Winthrop, Governor of Massachusetts, was born in Groton, England, in 1587. 
He came with the first colonists to Salem in 1630, as Governor, and remained in that 
office, with the exception of six or seven years, until his death in 1649. His journal 
of the proceedings of the Colony Ls a valuable contribution to the early history of Massa- 
chusetts. 



WOLFE— YALE. 81 

John Winthrop, son of the preceding, was born in England, and arrived in Massa/* 
chusetts in 163S. He settled Saybrook, Connecticut, and was appointed Governor, 
which ofiSce he held until his death in 1676. He was devoted to scientific pursuits, and 
was one of the founders of the Koyal Society of London. 

WOLFE, JAMES. 1726-1759. 
General Wolfe was born in England in 1726. He was honorably distinguished in the 
battles of Dettingen in 1743, and Fontenoy in 1745, in which he attracted the attention 
of his commander, the Duke of Cumberland. Pitt, with his usual discernment, disco- 
vered the genius of Wolfe, and, wisely disregarding the conventional claims of seniority, 
appointed him, with Amherst, to the command of the forces which took Louisburg in 
1758. The still more important undertaking of the attack on Quebec, in 1759, was next 
entrusted to him. Both Montcalm and Wolfe were mortally wounded. Wolfe lived 
long enough to know that his victory was complete, and the last words of the young 
conqueror were : " Now, God be praised, I die happy." 

WOOL, JOHN E. 
General Wool was born in Newburg, New York, in 1789. On the breaking out of 
the war in 1812 he obtained a commission, and joined the forces under Gen. Van Rens- 
eelaer. For his services at Queenstown, in 1813, he was promoted to the rank of Major, 
and lor those at Plattsburg, Lieutenant-Colonel. In 1832 he travelled through France 
and Belgium, to obtain military information for the U. S. Government. In 1830 he 
superintended the removal of the Cherokees, and, in 1838, was placed in command of 
the Maine frontier during the troubles arising out of the boundary question. In the 
war with Mexico, General Wool was attached to the army under General Taylor, and 
greatly distinguished himself at Buena Vista, for which services he was appointed 
Major-General. He is now (1858,) in command of the north-eastern division of the 
army, and resides at Troy, New York. 

WORTH, WILLIAM J. 1794-1849. 

General Worth was born in New York in 1794. He volunteered as a private soldier 
in 1812, and exhibited so much valor at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, that he was 
raised to the rank of Major. He superintended West Point, and was Commander-in- 
chief in the war in Floiida. On the breaking out of the Mexican War, he commanded, 
under General Taylor, in the "Army of the Centre," and distinguished himself at Mon- 
terey in 1846. The subjugation of the North being complete. General Worth, with his 
troops, joined the "Army of the South," under Gen. Scott. On the 22d of April, 1847, 
he took possession of Perote; on the 15th of May, entered La Puebla; and fought 
bravely at Molino del Key, Chapultepec, and the gates of Mexico. He died in Texas in 
1849. 

WYATT, SIR FRANCIS. 

Sir Francis Wyatt succeeded Yeardley as Governor of Virginia in October, 1621. In 
1625 he returned to Ireland, and Yeardley was re-appointed. Wyatt was again Gov- 
ernor in 1639, having succeeded Sir John Harvey, and continued in ofllce until the 
arrival of Sir William Berkeley. 

Y. 

YALE, ELIHU. 1648-1721. 
Elihu Tale was bom in Connecticut. At the age of ten years he went to England, 
and, about 1678, to the East ludies, where he acquired a large fortune by his industry 
as well as by marriage. After his return to England ho was made Governor of the 



32 YEAMANS— YEARDLEY. 

East India Company, and gave those donations to the college which induced the trustees 
to bestow on it the name of Yale. He died in Wales in 1721. 

YEAMANS, SIR JOHN. 
Sir John Yeamens, a native of Bristol, England, first emigrated to Barbadoes, and, 
in 1665, joined a company of emigrants to Carolina. They settled Clarendon County, 
North Carolina, and Yeamens was appointed Governor. He was the first to introduce 
Blavery into the colony. 

YEARDLEY, SIR GEORGE. 

Sir George Yeardley was appointed Governor of Virginia on the return of Sir Thomas 
Dale to England in 1616. He allowed the people to cultivate tobacco in preference to 
corn. In 1617 he was succeeded by Argall; but, in 1619, Argall, having incurred the 
displeasure of the people, was displaced, and Yeardley was re-appointed. He called the 
first Representative Assembly ever convened in the New World. He was succeeded by 
Wyatt in 1621, but continued to reside in the colony. When Wyatt returned to Eng- 
land, in 1625, the administration again devolved on Yeardley. He died in 1626. 



,. ^^ \> \ * o ^^ 






* .^^^ 















\<^ 



C^^ 



























V 




9^. *^o. . 



^' 






^-''.%'"" 
'^^- %-^^^ 






^.P^' 









Ao. 










* o^^' 









V. "■ ■ ^0^ s^-.-'. --^ 






.f^ 



,^o^. 







' "o 




„.,-<■ ,v 



